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Literature that explored female homosexuality flourished in late nineteenth-century France. Poets, novelists, and pornographers, whether Symbolists, Realists, or Decadents, were all part of this literary moment. In Sapphic Fathers, Gretchen Schultz explores how these male writers and their readers took lesbianism as a cipher for apprehensions about sex and gender during a time of social and political upheaval. Tracing this phenomenon through poetry (Baudelaire, Verlaine), erotica and the popular novel (Belot), and literary fiction (Zola, Maupassant, Péladan, Mendès), and into scientific treatises, Schultz demonstrates that the literary discourse on lesbianism became the basis for the scientific and medical understanding of female same-sex desire in France. She also shows that the cumulative impact of this discourse left tangible traces that lasted well beyond nineteenth-century France, persisting into twentieth-century America to become the basis of lesbian pulp fiction after the Second World War.
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This novel—based on the author's real-life experiences—is credited as the first candidly lesbian novel, originally published in 1950, that “scandalized mid-century America” (The New York Times).As the Blitz rains down over London, taboos are broken, affairs start and stop, and hearts are won and lost. This account of life among female Free French soldiers in a London barracks during World War II sold four million copies in the United States alone and many more worldwide. Women’s Barracks was banned for obscenity in several states and denounced by the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials in 1952 as an example of how the paperback industry was “promoting moral degeneracy.” In spite of such efforts—or perhaps, in part, because of them—the novel became a record-breaking bestseller and inspired a whole new genre: lesbian pulp.Femmes Fatales restores to print the best of women’s writing in the classic pulp genres of the mid-20th century. From mystery to hard-boiled noir to taboo lesbian romance, these rediscovered queens of pulp offer subversive perspectives on a turbulent era.
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George Sand et Colette sont connues pour avoir publié des ouvrages dévoilant un grand modernisme et un engagement sur la question des relations entre les sexes. Cet ouvrage dévoile qu'alors que le XIXe et le début du XXe siècle se focalisaient surtout sur des revendications féministes visant la libération des femmes, ces deux auteures cherchaient aussi à dénoncer les codes traditionnellement imposés à tous les individus et à leur identité. Alors que le concept d'identité de genre n'était pas clairement théorisé à l'époque, leurs écrits suggèrent que Sand et Colette avaient déjà l'intuition que les hommes comme les femmes pouvaient être victimes des lois sociales fondées sur la différence sexuelle. Elles dénonçaient les limites que la société imposait aux sujets selon leur sexe et subvertissaient les schémas traditionnels de la formation identitaire. Pour cela, elles présentaient souvent la bipolarité des structures patriarcales comme une construction artificielle, elles mettaient en scène de nouveaux modèles de "féminité", de "masculinité" et de sexualité et elles démontraient une indéniable volonté de rupture et de remise en cause des traditions. Cette étude met aussi en évidence comment ces subversions successives peuvent être lues comme des présentations très modernes d'une identité de genre perçue comme une structure en constante mutation qui désavoue les inscriptions traditionnelles et normalisées. De manière étonnante, les illustrations d'expressions identitaires individuelles et plurielles chez Sand et l'élaboration d'un nouvel ordre des identités chez Colette rapprochent leurs écrits de théorisations contemporaines du genre.
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Gay Wachman provides a critical new reading of sexually radical fiction by British women in the years during and after the First World War. She contrasts works by Sylvia Townsend Warner, Virginia Woolf, Rose Allatini, and Evadne Price with more politically and narratively conservative novels by Radclyffe Hall and Clemence Dane. These writers, she states, formed part of an alternative modernist tradition that functioned both within and against the repressive ideology of the British Empire, using fantasy as a means of reshaping and critiquing a world fragmented by war. Wachman places at the center of this tradition Sylvia Townsend Warner's achievement in undermining the inhibitions that faced women writing about forbidden love. She discusses Warner's use of crosswriting to transpose the otherwise unrepresentable lives of invisible lesbians into narratives about gay men, destabilizing the borders of race, class, and gender and challenging the codes of expression on which imperialist patriarchy and capitalism depended.