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Le powwow compte parmi les pratiques culturelles les plus importantes de l’autochtonie nord-américaine, et constitue une pratique artistique en pleine expansion : alors que le powwow existe depuis le XIXe siècle dans le sud-ouest des États-Unis, de nombreuses communautés du sud-est canadien (essentiellement dans les provinces de l’Ontario et du Québec) ont investi cette forme culturelle dans les dernières décennies. L’étude présentée dans ce texte se penche sur ce phénomène des powwows du sud-est canadien, en s’attardant à la fois à la dimension de transferts culturels qui le définit, et à la dimension politique qui y est sous-jacente. Nous nous pencherons pour ce faire sur la définition et les influences autochtones aux origines du powwow contemporain, sur la géographie de ce que les praticiens qualifient de « retour des traditions, et sur la structuration géocultu­relle des powwows du sud-est, parmi lesquels nous distinguerons le powwow ojibway (région ontarienne du nord des Grands Lacs), le powwow haudenosaune (péninsule de Niagara et vallée du Saint-Laurent), et le powwow est-algonquien (Outaouais, Haute Mauricie, Lac Saint-Jean).

The problematic issue of the relations between Europeans and North American Aboriginal peoples has been widely studied during the twentieth century, but the European influence on native musical practices has not yet been explored as a general rule, nor in particular with regard to how their instruments were created and used. The voice, that manifestation of object-body-person, and its musical usage in song is without doubt the best documented musical fact in the narratives of the voyages of the civil and military officers of the New World. The historical ethnological study presented here is an initial analysis of ancient texts written between 1524 and 1800, whose purpose is to identify the changes that may have appeared in the instrumental and vocal cultures, which were closely linked to the musical art of the various Native peoples. A comparison of the collected data reveals a variety of trends in the development of native practices. In addition to these results, the work on native musical issues conducted by researchers since the end of the nineteenth century provides confirmation that in some cases acculturation and its symptoms became evident only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Résumé La problématique des relations entre les Européens et les peuples autochtones d’Amérique du Nord a fait l’objet de nombreuses études au XXe siècle, mais l’influence des Européens sur les pratiques musicales amérindiennes n’a pas encore été mesurée de façon générale ni particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la fabrication et l’usage des instruments. La voix, manifestation de l’objet-corps humain, et son utilisation musicale, le chant, constituent sans doute la portion du fait musical la mieux documentée dans les récits de voyages et la corres pondance des officiers civils et militaires du Nouveau Monde. L’étude d’ethnologie historique présentée ici jette un premier regard sur des textes anciens écrits entre 1524 et 1800, afin de cerner les changements qui ont pu apparaître au sein des cultures instrumentale et vocale, très liées dans l’art musical des différents peuples autochtones. La confrontation des données recueillies permet de dégager des tendances dans l’évolution des pratiques. À ces résultats s’ajoutent les travaux sur les questions musicales amérindiennes menés par des chercheurs depuis la fin du XIX e siècle, qui viennent confirmer dans certains cas que l’inculturation et ses symptômes se sont manifestés seulement aux XIXe et XXe siècles.

Maps and map-making have been used in a range of research about musical phenomena in cities. Yet, most of these studies focus on musicians; few have attempted to understand how people take part in a city’s musical life in terms of event attendance. Likewise, little has been said about the attendance habits of immigrants, despite the quick transformation of urban populations due to the expansion of human migration. Approaching a subject that has received so little attention as the dynamics of participation of immigrants in a city’s musical life therefore requires an inventive research design. Building from a methodology combining semi-structured interviews and observation, I used maps and map-making to deepen the analysis of North African immigrants’ cultural practices in Montreal. Trying to give a spatial legibility to their musical activities in the city generated many technical and theoretical concerns, but was also helpful for reflecting on the project differently and highlighting some characteristics of the data that were not obvious from the initial fieldwork. In brief, maps and map-making proved to be efficient complementary tools to ethnography, bringing new insights and raising new queries about the practices being considered.

In this dissertation I explore how Indigenous methodologies that foreground cultural advocacy, revitalization, and education can be articulated using Indigenous language and cultural metaphor in research on North American Indian composers. Toward this end, I apply the Kanienkéha (Mohawk) concept of "non:wa" or "now" that also refers to three modes of perception--the now of the past, the present, and the future--toward understanding the intersection of innovation and tradition in classical Native music. This research joins the existing discourse that critiques binary oppositions separating Indigenous tradition (as past) and innovation (as present and future). Through interviews, fieldwork, and musical analysis, I illustrate Native values of interconnectedness, relationality, continuity, politics, and soundscapes in the processes of Native composition as well as the resultant works, I explore how these, in turn, may be understood through the application of Indigenous research techniques. In collaboration with a cohort of contemporary musicians, I look primarily at two Navajo composers--Raven Chacon and Juantio Becenti--and examine my own work as a composer, performer, and ethnomusicologist of Kanienkéha descent to explore the following questions: How can the topic of classical Native music best be served by using Indigenous methodologies in fieldwork, research, and representation and What is classical Native Music and is it different from other contemporary classical music styles? Drawing on the teachings of Indigenous dotahs (elders/teachers), the scholarship of ethnomusicologists, and examining oral and written tradition while using language and cosmology as cultural metaphors, I present a variety of possibilities for looking at Indigenous music through Indigenous eyes. Rather than offering a set of conclusions, I offer a set of tools for discussion and reflection: 1) how we might understand a definition of classical Native music; 2) how we are part

Since the 1990s scholars, teachers, and policy makers have debated over the importance of culturally grounded or culture-based education (CBE) approaches in primary and secondary programmes. For Indigenous communities, CBE methods are often regarded as decolonising tools that support linguistic and sociocultural revitalisation efforts. A majority of Indigenous educational projects have prioritised teaching language above other cultural components, such as music, which has largely been overlooked as a powerful tool due to the pervasive assumption that traditional musical practices rely on the language to survive. This article explores how cultural components have a symbiotic rather than a hierarchical relationship, focusing on the interdependence between language and music. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and observations with four Indigenous language immersion teachers, I argue that music is a linchpin pedagogical tool that promotes intergenerational interactions, builds social relationships, and facilitates the daily use of language in and outside the classroom.

Traduit l'importance historique et culturelle des chants traditionnels des dix nations amérindiennes du Québec. Certains d'entre eux sont parvenus à passer outre l'évangélisation et l'influence de la culture européenne. Textes en langue autochtone et transcription des mélodies.