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Les inondations causent de lourds dommages tant économiques, sociaux qu'environnementaux, en plus d'avoir des effets sur la santé physique et psychologique des sinistrés.

The communication of information about natural hazard risks to the public is a difficult task for decision makers. Research suggests that newer forms of technology present useful options for building disaster resilience. However, how effectively these newer forms of media can be used to inform populations of the potential hazard risks in their community remains unclear. This research uses primary data from an in-person survey of 164 residents of Newport Beach, California during the spring of 2014 to ascertain the current and preferred mechanisms through which individuals receive information on flood risks in their community. Factor analysis of survey data identified two predominant routes of dissemination for risk information: older traditional media and newer social media sources. A logistic regression model was specified to identify predictors for choosing a particular communication route. This analysis revealed that age is the central factor in predicting the sources people use to receive risk information. We follow the analysis by discussing this finding and its policy implications.

A new method for sensitivity analysis of water depths is presented based on a two-dimensional hydraulic model as a convenient and cost-effective alternative to Monte Carlo simulations. The method involves perturbation of the probability distribution of input variables. A relative sensitivity index is calculated for each variable, using the Gauss quadrature sampling, thus limiting the number of runs of the hydraulic model. The variable-related highest variation of the expected water depths is considered to be the most influential. The proposed method proved particularly efficient, requiring less information to describe model inputs and fewer model executions to calculate the sensitivity index. It was tested over a 45 km long reach of the Richelieu River, Canada. A 2D hydraulic model was used to solve the shallow water equations (SWE). Three input variables were considered: Flow rate, Manning’s coefficient, and topography of a shoal within the considered reach. Four flow scenarios were simulated with discharge rates of 759, 824, 936, and 1113 m 3 / s . The results show that the predicted water depths were most sensitive to the topography of the shoal, whereas the sensitivity indices of Manning’s coefficient and the flow rate were comparatively lower. These results are important for making better hydraulic models, taking into account the sensitivity analysis.

Floods are the most common natural hazard worldwide. GARI is a flood risk management and analysis tool that is being developed by the Environmental and Nordic Remote Sensing Group (TENOR) of INRS in Quebec City (Canada). Beyond mapping the flooded areas and water levels, GARI allows for the estimation, analysis and visualization of flood risks for individuals, residential buildings, and population. Information can therefore be used during the different phases of flood risk management. In the operational phase, GARI can use satellite radar images to map in near real-time the flooded areas and water levels. It uses an innovative approach that combines Radarsat-2 and hydraulic data, specifically flood return period data. Information from the GARI enable municipalities and individuals to anticipate the impacts of a flood in a given area, to mitigate these impacts, to prepare, and to better coordinate their actions during a flood.

The historical disparities in the socio-demographic structure of New Orleans shaped the social vulnerability of local residents and their responses to Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. These disparities, derived from race, class, gender, and age differences, have resulted in the uneven impact of the catastrophe on various communities in New Orleans, and importantly, their ability to recover. This article examines how the pre-existing social vulnerabilities within New Orleans interacted with the level of flood exposure to produce inequities in the socio-spatial patterns of recovery. Utilizing a combination of statistical and spatial approaches, we found a distinct geographic pattern to the recovery suggesting that the social burdens and impacts from Hurricane Katrina are uneven—the less flooded and less vulnerable areas are recovering faster than tracts with more vulnerable populations and higher levels of flooding. However, there is a more nuanced story, which suggests that it is neighborhoods in the mid-range of social vulnerability where recovery is lagging. While private resources and government programs help groups in the high and low categories of social vulnerability, the middle group shows the slowest rates of recovery. Further, it appears that the congressionally funded State of Louisiana Road Home Program (designed to provide compensation to Louisiana’s homeowners who suffered impacts by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita for the damage to their home) is not having a significant effect in stimulating recovery within the city.

This study evaluates projected changes to rain-on-snow (ROS) characteristics (i.e., frequency, rainfall amount, and runoff) for the future 2041–2070 period with respect to the current 1976–2005 period over North America using six simulations, based on two Canadian RCMs, driven by two driving GCMs for RCP4.5 and 8.5 emission pathways. Prior to assessing projected changes, the two RCMs are evaluated by comparing ERA-Interim driven RCM simulations with available observations, and results indicate that both models reproduce reasonably well the observed spatial patterns of ROS event frequency and other related features. Analysis of current and future simulations suggest general increases in ROS characteristics during the November–March period for most regions of Canada and for northwestern US for the future period, due to an increase in the rainfall frequency with warmer air temperatures in future. Future ROS runoff is often projected to increase more than future ROS rainfall amounts, particularly for northeastern North America, during snowmelt months, as ROS events usually accelerate snowmelt. The simulations show that ROS event is a primary flood generating mechanism over most of Canada and north-western and -central US for the January–May period for the current period and this is projected to continue in the future period. More focused analysis over selected basins shows decreases in future spring runoff due to decreases in both snow cover and ROS runoff. The above results highlight the need to take into consideration ROS events in water resources management adaptation strategies for future climate.

Changes in society's vulnerability to natural hazards are important to understand, as they determine current and future risks, and the need to improve protection. Very large impacts including high numbers of fatalities occur due to single storm surge flood events. Here, we report on impacts of global coastal storm surge events since the year 1900, based on a compilation of events and data on loss of life. We find that over the past, more than eight thousand people are killed and 1.5 million people are affected annually by storm surges. The occurrence of very substantial loss of life (g10000 persons) from single events has however decreased over time. Moreover, there is a consistent decrease in event mortality, measured by the fraction of exposed people that are killed, for all global regions, except South East Asia. Average mortality for storm surges is slightly higher than for river floods, but lower than for flash floods. We also find that for the same coastal surge water level, mortality has decreased over time. This indicates that risk reduction efforts have been successful, but need to be continued with projected climate change, increased rates of sea-level rise and urbanisation in coastal zones.

AbstractIn this time of a changing climate, it is important to know whether lake levels will rise, potentially causing flooding, or river flows will dry up during abnormally dry weather. The Great Lakes region is the largest freshwater lake system in the world. Moreover, agriculture, industry, commerce, and shipping are active in this densely populated region. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) recently implemented the Water Cycle Prediction System (WCPS) over the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River watershed (WCPS-GLS version 1.0) following a decade of research and development. WCPS, a network of linked models, simulates the complete water cycle, following water as it moves from the atmosphere to the surface, through the river network and into lakes, and back to the atmosphere. Information concerning the water cycle is passed between the models. WCPS is the first short-to-medium-range prediction system of the complete water cycle to be run on an operational basis anywhere. It currently produces ...

Over the last decades, different methods have been used by hydrologists to extend observed hydro-climatic time series, based on other data sources, such as tree rings or sedimentological datasets. For example, tree ring multi-proxies have been studied for the Caniapiscau Reservoir in northern Quebec (Canada), leading to the reconstruction of flow time series for the last 150 years. In this paper, we applied a new hydro-climatic reconstruction method on the Caniapiscau Reservoir and compare the obtained streamflow time series against time series derived from dendrohydrology by other authors on the same catchment and study the natural streamflow variability over the 1881–2011 period in that region. This new reconstruction is based not on natural proxies but on a historical reanalysis of global geopotential height fields, and aims firstly to produce daily climatic time series, which are then used as inputs to a rainfall–runoff model in order to obtain daily streamflow time series. The performances of the hydro-climatic reconstruction were quantified over the observed period, and showed good performances, in terms of both monthly regimes and interannual variability. The streamflow reconstructions were then compared to two different reconstructions performed on the same catchment by using tree ring data series, one being focused on mean annual flows and the other on spring floods. In terms of mean annual flows, the interannual variability in the reconstructed flows was similar (except for the 1930–1940 decade), with noteworthy changes seen in wetter and drier years. For spring floods, the reconstructed interannual variabilities were quite similar for the 1955–2011 period, but strongly different between 1880 and 1940. The results emphasize the need to apply different reconstruction methods on the same catchments. Indeed, comparisons such as those above highlight potential differences between available reconstructions and, finally, allow a retrospective analysis of the proposed reconstructions of past hydro-climatological variabilities.

In response to extreme flood events and an increasing awareness that traditional flood control measures alone are inadequate to deal with growing flood risks, spatial flood risk management strategies have been introduced. These strategies do not only aim to reduce the probability and consequences of floods, they also aim to improve local and regional spatial qualities. To date, however, research has been largely ignorant as to how spatial quality, as part of spatial flood risk management strategies, can be successfully achieved in practice. Therefore, this research aims to illuminate how spatial quality is achieved in planning practice. This is done by evaluating the configurations of policy instruments that have been applied in the Dutch Room for the River policy program to successfully achieve spatial quality. This policy program is well known for its dual objective of accommodating higher flood levels as well as improving the spatial quality of the riverine areas. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis, we identified three successful configurations of policy instruments. These constitute three distinct management strategies: the “program‐as‐guardian”, the “project‐as‐driver,” and “going all‐in” strategies. These strategies provide important leads in furthering the development and implementation of spatial flood risk management, both in the Netherlands and abroad.

L’adaptation au changement climatique est un nouvel enjeu pour la gestion des territoires. Au niveau local, elle apparaît souvent comme une injonction, alors même que, pour l’instant, elle est un concept flou. Elle est présentée comme l’application de bonnes pratiques, mais les questions « qui s’adapte à quoi ? » et « pourquoi ? » demeurent implicites. En explicitant ces éléments, nous proposons de montrer que l’adaptation est une question plurielle et politique. À partir de l’analyse des documents de planification et des plans d’action faisant référence aux changements globaux sur un territoire littoral, nous montrons l’existence de quatre logiques d’adaptation distinctes, plus ou moins transformatrices du système socioécologique, que l’on peut appréhender à partir de la typologie suivante : « contrôler et maintenir », « faire faire », « réguler » et « reconfigurer », qui portent en germe différentes reconfigurations socioéconomiques et politiques. , Since the 2000s, “adaptation” is a new dictate for the management of local territories in France, but its implementation is fairly limited. Adaptation is mainly a semantically unclear and loosely defined concept. Decision-makers could “operationalize” adaptation by simply applying a specific methodology. However, adaptation is not a mere mechanism; it is also a process that implies economic, social and ecological trade-offs for the socio-ecological system. These political dimensions are often unformulated. In order to provide a vehicle to clarify this concept and its political dimensions, we propose a typology of adaptation measures. What does adaptation mean? Adjustment of what (territories, populations, communities, local economies, etc.), to what (climate change, global change) and with what effects? We reviewed local actions and strategic plans related to climate but also to urban planning, flooding and water management on the eastern coastal area of Languedoc Roussillon in Mediterranean France. We conducted and analyzed semi-structured interviews with institutional actors. We analyzed and classified public policy instruments, associated the underlying “logic” (raise limiting factors, create a new awareness, etc.), and their potential effects. Throughout our effort to develop a typology, we have highlighted the political dimensions of adaptation actions and shed a light on trade-offs linked to adaptation choices.

The avulsion time scale of channels on the Yellow River delta (YRD) is about a decade due to the large sediment load, and rapid channel aggradation and progradation. Nevertheless, the Qingshuigou channel has been maintained for about four decades since 1976. This channel provides an ideal opportunity to study channel evolution following avulsion and to examine different avulsion criteria. In this study, we analyzed the geomorphic adjustment of the lower Qingshuigou channel during 1976–2015, and calculated normalized gradient advantage and superelevation at the channel to estimate how close the channel was to avulsion. Results showed that channel evolution processes may be divided into four phases: I (1976–1980) rapid aggradation, II (1980–1985) channel widening and enlargement, III (1985–1996) main channel aggradation and shrinkage, and IV (1996–2015) main channel incision and deepening. Evolution phases I, II and III are similar to the avulsion cycle observed in natural and experimental fluvial systems. The calculated values of normalized gradient advantage and superelevation in early 1990s exceeded the critical values suggested by previous studies, implying that the channel was prone to avulsion. Nevertheless, avulsion was prevented mainly due to limited overbank flows, constriction from artificial dikes, and slowed channel extension as a result of reduced sediment load. The evolution of the Qingshuigou channel confirms previous arguments that superelevation and gradient advantage are not sufficient for avulsion, and multiple factors should be considered, including flood frequency, lateral mobility, sediment diameter, and human interruptions.

Une équipe d’urgence formée de pompiers, de cols bleus et de militaires a réussi à sauver une centaine de maisons de l’inondation dans la rue De Gaulle, hier, dans l’arrondissement de Pierrefonds-Roxboro, en réparant in extremis la digue qui menaçait de céder face aux assauts de la rivière des Prairies.

La connaissance de l’aléa inondation est un enjeu croissant pour la gestion du risque inondation. En France, afin de répondre à la demande des pouvoirs publics de cartographier les zones inondables, la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique émerge. Cette approche naturaliste, développée durant les années 1980, se propagea dans une large partie du Sud de la France. Aujourd’hui, la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique est une méthode reconnue pour sa fiabilité, mais elle stagne en termes d’applications et de développement dans de nouveaux territoires. Afin d’améliorer la connaissance de la prise en compte de la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique dans un cadre règlementaire, une analyse de 282 PPRI a été menée. Cette analyse a permis de dégager les modalités de prise en compte de la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique, mais également d’émettre des hypothèses sur les raisons de leur développement. La réalisation de MNZI (Modèle Numériques de Zones Inondables) sur des cours d’eau français et canadiens, a permis de mettre en avant l’adaptabilité de la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique à des contextes physiques différents, mais aussi d’apporter une réponse à la demande de prise en compte de cartographie de crue extrême de la Directive Inondation. L’évolution cartographique proposée dans ce travail comprend une réflexion autour de la légende des AZI, mais aussi sur le concept de cartographie positive. A travers les aspects cartographiques, règlementaires et géomorphologiques abordés, nous finissons par proposer un modèle de développement de la cartographie hydrogéomorphologique.

Abstract. Floods resulting from river ice jams pose a great risk to many riverside municipalities in Canada. The location of an ice jam is mainly influenced by channel morphology. The goal of this work was therefore to develop a simplified geospatial model to estimate the predisposition of a river channel to ice jams. Rather than predicting the timing of river ice breakup, the main question here was to predict where the broken ice is susceptible to jam based on the river's geomorphological characteristics. Thus, six parameters referred to potential causes for ice jams in the literature were initially selected: presence of an island, narrowing of the channel, high sinuosity, presence of a bridge, confluence of rivers, and slope break. A GIS-based tool was used to generate the aforementioned factors over regular-spaced segments along the entire channel using available geospatial data. An ice jam predisposition index (IJPI) was calculated by combining the weighted optimal factors. Three Canadian rivers (province of Québec) were chosen as test sites. The resulting maps were assessed from historical observations and local knowledge. Results show that 77 % of the observed ice jam sites on record occurred in river sections that the model considered as having high or medium predisposition. This leaves 23 % of false negative errors (missed occurrence). Between 7 and 11 % of the highly predisposed river sections did not have an ice jam on record (false-positive cases). Results, limitations, and potential improvements are discussed.

L'ouvrage fait le point sur les développements de la méthode mise au point dans les années 1980 et présentée en détail pour la première fois en 1996. Il s'organise en deux grandes parties : la présentation de la méthode hydrogéomorphologique de détermination des zones inondables et les applications de cette méthode. La première partie justifie d'abord la nécessité de mettre au point et d'utiliser une nouvelle méthode face aux insuffisances des méthodes hydrologiques-hydrauliques utilisées en France (et très généralement dans le monde) pour la prévision et la prévention des risques d'inondation.Elle présente ensuite les principes de la méthode (chapitre II). C'est ainsi qu'elle consacre un long développement au rôle fondamental de la géomorphologie, tout particulièrement aux quatre lits qu'un cours d'eau peut occuper en fonction de son débit, lits déterminés par l'analyse de la microtopographie de la plaine alluviale fonctionnelle complétée par leur caractérisation sédimentologique. L'influence de la lithologie et de la tectonique est ensuite évoquée. Un deuxième sous-chapitre présente les critères complémentaires : la couverture végétale naturelle et l'occupation humaine au travers de la localisation des constructions, des vestiges historiques et archéologiques, de l'adaptation de l'activité agricole aux caractéristiques de la plaine alluviale et de la structure du parcellaire. Un troisième sous-chapitre regroupe les facteurs de variation : les grandes zones climatiques et les facteurs anthropiques (travaux et ouvrages hydrauliques, pratiques agricoles, imperméabilisation des sols due à l'urbanisation). Enfin, l'évolution au cours de la période historique des unités hydrogéomorphologiques principales, lit mineur et lit majeur, est présentée.Le court chapitre III met en relation l'hydrogéomorphologie et le fonctionnement hydraulique à l'échelle des unités hydrogéomorphologiques puis au niveau de la modélisation. La deuxième partie présente les trois principales applications de la méthode : la cartographie des zones inondables, la méthode intégrée et l'aménagement. La cartographie des zones inondables est actuellement la principale application, grâce à son intégration dans la politique de prévision et de prévention des risques d'inondation en France depuis 1995. Le chapitre qui lui est consacré s'articule en trois ensembles. Le premier est un rappel critique des moyens techniques d'acquisition des données : cartes, photographies aériennes, imagerie satellite en plein développement, données relatives aux crues historiques, observations de terrain. Le deuxième sous-chapitre détaille la cartographie des données sous la forme de la carte hydrogéomorphologique ou carte d'inondabilité hydrogéomorphologique en faisant l'historique et la critique de la légende proposée par le Ministère de l'Écologie français, puis en traitant plusieurs problèmes de cartographie : l'exhaussement du lit majeur, l'adoucissement du talus externe de la plaine alluviale fonctionnelle par le ruissellement diffus, le recouvrement du talus de la terrasse alluviale par le colluvionnement, la représentation du lit majeur exceptionnel et de la terrasse alluviale holocène, le cas spécifique des vallons secs. Enfin, les premières cartographies réalisées à l'étranger sont présentées. Un court dernier sous-chapitre traite de l'interprétation, qualitative et semi-quantitative, de la carte hydrogéomorphologique.La méthode intégrée, qui reste pour l'essentiel au stade expérimental, est présentée dans le chapitre II : d'abord ses origines, puis ses principes, puis ses premières applications prometteuses en France.Le chapitre III regroupe les potentialités, importantes mais peu exploitées, de la méthode hydrogéomorphologique pour l'aménagement des plaines alluviales, en insistant sur deux points : les conséquences de l'exhaussement des lits majeurs et le fonctionnement des cours d'eau pendant les crues exceptionnelles. La conclusion générale insiste sur l'efficacité de cette méthode, née de la problématique des risques naturels et hors du champ académique, ainsi que sur sa fécondité, en particulier la découverte de nouveaux objets géomorphologiques comme le lit majeur exceptionnel et de nouveaux concepts comme celui de débit hydrogéomorphologique.

L’objectif du projet est d’évaluer les effets causés par l’implantation de sites de pavages perméables (PP) sur les bassins versants (BV) urbanisés. La méthodologie de cette étude se décline en cinq étapes, soit : (i) caractériser la capacité d’infiltration de cinq sites de PP de la grande région de Montréal; (ii) récolter des données de pluie et de débit au site de l’usine Stonedge à Chambly; (iii) modéliser le fonctionnement hydrologique de ce site à l’aide du Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), dont les paramètres sont calés à partir des données d’observations à Stonedge; (iv) créer un modèle amélioré d’unité de PP; et (v) évaluer, par modélisation SWMM, l’effet de l’implantation de sites de PP sur les dysfonctionnements hydrauliques et les rejets de réseaux de BV urbains réels. Les tests de capacité d’infiltration ont démontré une très grande capacité d’infiltration des sites de PP, sans égard à la saison ni à l’usage du site. Les observations de pluie et de débits ont été récoltées à Chambly sur une période de 24 mois. Leur analyse a permis de constater, à l’échelle du site, une diminution du volume de ruissellement de 6 à 12 mm par événement de pluie et un décalage de la pointe du débit allant jusqu’à 3 h. Le bilan hydrologique réalisé sur le site indique une réduction du ruissellement, les fractions ruisselées varient de 2% à 75%. Le modèle de PP du site de Stonedge a servi de base pour l’évaluation de l’impact des sites de PP à l’échelle de quatre BV urbains, drainés par des réseaux séparés (2) et unitaires (2). Cet impact se traduit par des réductions, pour les réseaux unitaires : du nombre de surverses jusqu’à 100%, du volume de surverse de 19% à 100%, et de la durée de surverse de 16% à 100% annuellement. Une réduction moyenne de la durée d’inondation de 71% pour les secteurs industriels (réseaux séparés) et de 30% pour les secteurs en réseau unitaire a aussi été constatée. Finalement, une réduction de 30 % des volumes et de 7% à 34% des débits de pointe envoyés au cours d’eau pour les deux secteurs drainés par des réseaux séparés a été observée.<br /><br /> The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of the installation of permeable pavement (PP) sites on urbanized watersheds. The methodology of this study included five work packages: (i) characterize the infiltration capacity of five PP sites in the greater Montreal area; (ii) collect rain and flow data at the Stonedge plant site in Chambly; (iii) model the hydrological behavior of this site using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), whose parameters were calibrated from observation data at Stonedge; (iv) create an improved model of PP unit; and (v) evaluate, using SWMM , the effect of developing a PP site on hydraulic malfunctions and discharges of actual urban watershed networks. The infiltration capacity tests demonstrated a very high infiltration capacity of the PP sites, regardless of the season or land use. Rainfall and flow observations were collected at Chambly over a 24-month period. Their analysis found a site-wide decrease in runoff volume of 6 to 12 mm per rainfall event and a peak flow delay of up to 3 hours. The water balance for the site indicates a reduction in runoff, with fractions of the runoff ranging from 2% to 75%. The PP model of the Stonedge site served as a basis for evaluating the impact of PP sites at the scale of four urban watersheds, drained by separate (2) and combined (2) networks. This impact meant reductions of up to 100% in the number of combined sewer overflows, 19% to 100% of their volume, and 16% to 100% of their duration, annually. There was also an average reduction in surface flood duration of 71% for the industrial sectors (separate networks) and 30% for the combined sectors. Finally, there is also a 30% reduction in volumes and from 7% to 34% of the peak flows discharged to the watercourse for the two sectors drained by separate networks.

RÉSUMÉ: La modélisation hydrodynamique est un élément fondamental du génie hydraulique. Elle permet de créer des modèles de bassins versants et de rivières pour la prédiction des inondations. La simulation des phénomènes d'inondation est un sujet de plus en plus important dans le domaine de la recherche en hydraulique. Compte tenu des exigences d'évaluation spécifiques dans les plans d'ingénierie des risques d'inondation, la modélisation des inondations devient très importante dans le génie hydraulique. La délimitation probabiliste des zones inondables joue un rôle déterminant dans les plans d'ingénierie des risques. Cette tâche importante est réalisable à l'aide de la simulation post-inondation et de la détermination des limites de l'étendue des inondations avec leurs probabilités d'occurrence correspondantes dans les zones étudiées. ABSTRACT: Hydrodynamic modeling including watershed, river and flood modeling is a fundamental part of hydraulic engineering. In this regard, simulation of flood phenomena is an increasingly important subject in hydraulic research domain. Considering specific evaluation requirements in flood risk engineering plans, flood modeling is becoming highly important based on hydrological method (rainfall-runoff) or hydraulic parameters in Hydraulic engineering.