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L’hyperphagie boulimique (HB) représente le trouble alimentaire le plus fréquent avec une prévalence qui est plus élevée que celles combinées de l’anorexie nerveuse et de la boulimie (Hudson et al. , 2007). Bien que l’HB a fait officiellement son entrée dans le DSM-5, il demeure de grandes difficultés concernant l’accessibilité et la disponibilité des traitements s’appuyant sur des données probantes. Le but de cet article est de présenter une recension critique de la littérature qui fera ressortir l’utilisation de la cyberthérapie dans le traitement de l’HB ainsi que les implications au niveau de la pratique clinique et de la recherche. , Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, with a prevalence higher than the prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia combined (Hudson et a l., 2007). Although BED officially entered the DSM-5, there are still great difficulties regarding the accessibility and availability of evidence-based treatments. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical review of the literature highlighting the use of e-therapy for BED as well as the implications for clinical practice and research.

Mise en patrimoine des crues et des inondations Sous la direction de Alexis Metzger et Jamie Linton Collection : Géographie et cultures

La thérapie cognitive-comportementale (TCC) pour le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) est validée empiriquement (Forman-Hoffman et al., 2018). Toutefois, à notre connaissance, aucune revue de la littérature ne s’intéresse précisément à l’efficacité à long terme de la TCC du TSPT. Il importe pourtant de s’assurer avec une vision d’ensemble de la durabilité des gains thérapeutiques afin de vérifier si la TCC du TSPT permet d’éviter un retour des symptômes après la thérapie. Des études ont observé que les gains thérapeutiques se maintiendraient entre 6 et 20 mois après la TCC (voir, p. ex., Hembree & Foa, 2000; Kline, Cooper, Rytwinksi, & Feeny, 2018) et qu’ils pourraient même s’améliorer (Hembree & Foa, 2000). La présente revue de littérature identifie des études de traitement, des revues de littérature et des méta-analyses abordant l’efficacité à long terme d’une TCC du TSPT. Ce projet répertorie également les facteurs influençant l’efficacité à long terme d’une TCC individuelle, de groupe et par vidéoconférence. Des articles publiés entre 2010 et 2018 ont été cherchés dans les bases de données MEDLINE et PsycINFO. Deux constats se dégagent de cette revue, soit que la TCC permettrait de traiter le TSPT de façon durable et que certaines variables comme la dépression ou l’anxiété comorbide, un âge avancé, des difficultés de sommeil persistantes et le fait de tarder à aller chercher de l’aide sont associées à une moins bonne efficacité à long terme de la TCC du TSPT. Il est possible que le développement d’habiletés d’adaptation en thérapie soit un facteur de maintien et même d’amélioration des gains après la TCC.

The following errata have been identified and approved in accordance with the IPCC protocol for addressing possible errors in IPCC assessment reports, synthesis reports and methodology reports as adopted by the Panel at the Thirty-Third Session (Abu Dhabi, 10-13 May 2011) and amended at the Thirty-Seventh Session (Batumi 14-18 October 2013). Errata identified following the approval and acceptance of the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) and prior to publication have been corrected in the final copyedited and laid out draft of the report. Note that page and line numbers for the SPM are based on the numbering used in the revised final draft as distributed Governments st 2019; and line numbers for the underlying chapters are based on the numbering used in the final draft as distributed to Governments on 24 th June 2019.

Adaptation to climate change is a challenge that is complex and involves increasing risk. Efforts to manage these risks involve many decision-makers, conflicting values, competing objectives and methodologies, multiple alternative options, uncertain outcomes, and debatable probabilities. Adaptation occurs at multiple levels in a complex decision environment and is generally evaluated as better–worse, not right–wrong, based on multiple criteria. Identifying the best adaptation response is difficult. Risk management techniques help to overcome these problems. Here, risk management is presented as a decision-making framework that assists in the selection of optimal strategies (according to various criteria) using a systems approach that has been well defined and generally accepted in public decision-making. In the context of adapting to climate change, the risk management process offers a framework for identifying, assessing, and prioritizing climate-related risks and developing appropriate adaptation responses. The theoretical discussion is illustrated with an example from Canada. It includes (a) the assessment of climate change-caused flood risk to the municipal infrastructure for the City of London, Ontario, Canada, and (b) analysis of adaptation options for management of the risk in one of the watersheds within the City of London – Dingman Creek.

Abstract Analyzing intra-annual stream flow can reveal the main causes for runoff changes and the contributions of climate variability and human activities. For this purpose, the Mann–Kendall and cumulative rank difference (CRD) tests, and the double mass curve method, were applied to a time series of hydro-meteorological variables from 1971 to 2010 in the Tajan River basin in Iran. Results indicated that runoff changes in the wet and dry seasons after 1999 had significant respective decreasing and increasing trends, at the 0.01 confidence level, due to dam construction. In the pre-dam period (1991–1998), the results of the double mass curve method showed that climate variability and human activities contributed 57.76% and 42.24%, respectively, to the runoff decrease during the wet season. For the post-dam period (1999–2010), climate variability and anthropogenic activities contributed 24.68% and 75.32%, respectively, to the wet season runoff decrease of 116.55 mm. On the other hand, in the same period during the dry season, climate variability contributed −30.68% and human activities contributed 130.68% to the runoff increase of 41.45 mm. It is evident that runoff changes in both wet and dry seasons were mainly due to human activities associated with dam construction to meet water supply demands for agriculture.

Summary Probable maximum snow accumulation (PMSA) is one of the key variables used to estimate the spring probable maximum flood (PMF). A robust methodology for evaluating the PMSA is imperative so the ensuing spring PMF is a reasonable estimation. This is of particular importance in times of climate change (CC) since it is known that solid precipitation in Nordic landscapes will in all likelihood change over the next century. In this paper, a PMSA methodology based on simulated data from regional climate models is developed. Moisture maximization represents the core concept of the proposed methodology; precipitable water being the key variable. Results of stationarity tests indicate that CC will affect the monthly maximum precipitable water and, thus, the ensuing ratio to maximize important snowfall events. Therefore, a non-stationary approach is used to describe the monthly maximum precipitable water. Outputs from three simulations produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model were used to give first estimates of potential PMSA changes for southern Quebec, Canada. A sensitivity analysis of the computed PMSA was performed with respect to the number of time-steps used (so-called snowstorm duration) and the threshold for a snowstorm to be maximized or not. The developed methodology is robust and a powerful tool to estimate the relative change of the PMSA. Absolute results are in the same order of magnitude as those obtained with the traditional method and observed data; but are also found to depend strongly on the climate projection used and show spatial variability.

Pesticide transport by surface runoff depends on climate, agricultural practices, topography, soil characteristics, crop type, and pest phenology. To accurately assess the impact of climate change, these factors must be accounted for in a single framework by integrating their interaction and uncertainty. This paper presents the development and application of a framework to assess the impact of climate change on pesticide transport by surface runoff in southern Quebec (Canada) for the 1981-2040 period. The crop enemies investigated were: weeds for corn (Zea mays); and for apple orchard (Malus pumila), three insect pests (codling moth (Cydia pomonella), plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) and apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella)) and two diseases (apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)). A total of 23 climate simulations, 19 sites, and 11 active ingredients were considered. The relationship between climate and phenology was accounted for by bioclimatic models of the Computer Centre for Agricultural Pest Forecasting (CIPRA) software. Exported loads of pesticides were evaluated at the edge-of-field scale using the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), simulating both hydrology and chemical transport. A stochastic model was developed to account for PRZM parameter uncertainty. Results of this study indicate that for the 2011-2040 period, application dates would be advanced from 3 to 7 days on average with respect to the 1981-2010 period. However, the impact of climate change on maximum daily rainfall during the application window is not statistically significant, mainly due to the high variability of extreme rainfall events. Hence for the studied sites and crop enemies considered, climate change impact on pesticide transported in surface runoff is not statistically significant throughout the 2011-2040 period.

Wetlands play an important role in preventing extreme low flows in rivers and groundwater level drawdowns during drought periods. This hydrological function could become increasingly important under a warmer climate. Links between peatlands, aquifers, and rivers remain inadequately understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hydrologic functions of the Lanoraie peatland complex in southern Quebec, Canada, under different climate conditions. This peatland complex has developed in the beds of former fluvial channels during the final stages of the last deglaciation. The peatland covers a surface area of ~76 km2 and feeds five rivers. Numerical simulations were performed using a steady-state groundwater flow model. Results show that the peatland contributes on average to 77% of the mean annual river base flow. The peatland receives 52% of its water from the aquifer. Reduced recharge scenarios (−20 and −50% of current conditions) were used as a surrogate of climate change. With these scenarios, the simulated mean head decreases by 0.6 and 1.6 m in the sand. The mean river base flow decreases by 16 and 41% with the two scenarios. These results strongly underline the importance of aquifer-peatland-river interactions at the regional scale. They also point to the necessity of considering the entire hydrosystem in conservation initiatives.

Abstract A new dynamical core of Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) atmospheric model is presented. Unlike the existing log-hydrostatic-pressure-type terrain-following vertical coordinate, the proposed core adopts a height-based approach. The move to a height-based vertical coordinate is motivated by its potential for improving model stability over steep terrain, which is expected to become more prevalent with the increasing demand for very high-resolution forecasting systems. A dynamical core with height-based vertical coordinate generally requires an iterative solution approach. In addition to a three-dimensional iterative solver, a simplified approach has been devised allowing the use of a direct solver for the new dynamical core that separates a three-dimensional elliptic boundary value problem into a set of two-dimensional independent Helmholtz problems. The issue of dynamics–physics coupling has also been studied, and incorporating the physics tendencies within the discretized dynamical equations is found to be the most acceptable approach for the height-based vertical coordinate. The new dynamical core is evaluated using numerical experiments that include two-dimensional nonhydrostatic theoretical cases as well as 25-km resolution global forecasts. For a wide range of horizontal grid resolutions—from a few meters to up to 25 km—the results from the direct solution approach are found to be equivalent to the iterative approach for the new dynamical core. Furthermore, results from the different numerical experiments confirm that the new height-based dynamical core is equivalent to the existing pressure-based core in terms of solution accuracy.

Abstract In freshwater ecosystems, several studies have shown a strong linear relationship between total mercury (THg) or methylmercury (MeHg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Variations in this linear relationship have been reported, but the magnitude and causes of this variation are not well known. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta‐analysis to quantify and understand the global variation of this mercury (Hg)–DOC association. This meta‐analysis included 54 studies in lentic and lotic ecosystems for a total of 85 THg–DOC and 59 MeHg–DOC relationships. There was an increase in Hg with DOC concentrations in water with a global average slope of 0.25 (confidence interval (CI): 0.20–0.35) ng/mg for THg and 0.029 (CI: 0.014–0.044) ng/mg for MeHg. Relationships were stronger for (1) North American studies, (2) natural environments compared to those disturbed by anthropogenic activities, (3) spatial studies compared to temporal studies, (4) filtered samples (THg only), and (5) the aromatic fraction of DOC compared to the bulk DOC. Coupling with DOC was stronger for THg than for MeHg. Ecosystem type (lentic vs. lotic), geographical coordinates, and publication year did not influence the strength of relationships. Overall, we show that there is a strong but variable coupling between carbon and mercury cycles in freshwater ecosystems globally and that this link is modulated regionally by geographic location, temporal scale, and human activity, with implications for understanding these rapidly changing biogeochemical processes in response to global change. , Plain Language Summary In lakes and rivers, organic carbon is known to be a transporter of mercury, a toxic metal. However, depending on the chemistry of waterbodies, carbon can carry different amounts of mercury. This work compiled results of 54 scientific studies around the world looking at the correlation between mercury and organic carbon. We looked at the conditions that make this relationship vary. We found that relationships were almost always positive and that the type of carbon influenced the amount of mercury that was carried. The strength of those relationships was higher in natural ecosystems compared to those with human influence and in North American ecosystems compared to European and Asian ones. This work is important to understand the mechanism behind the association between mercury and carbon in different environments and how carbon can be used to explain variations in mercury, especially in a changing climate under human pressure. , Key Points Mercury and dissolved organic matter coupling is stronger in spatial studies, in North America, in natural systems, and in filtered samples Correlations are stronger with the aromatic fraction than the bulk dissolved organic carbon and stronger for total than methyl mercury Ecosystem type (lentic vs. lotic), geographical coordinates, and publication year had no effect on the strength of relationships