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Climate variability influences the availability of water resources throughout Canada, and projected climate change is anticipated to affect future water availability. This is the first paper of a three-part analysis of water availability indicators in Canada (Parts II and III, this issue). The concept of water availability has been described in different ways in the literature. In Part I, the various approaches for estimating water availability are reviewed and compared, with a focus on Canadian studies. Global examples are used when necessary. The approaches to estimate water availability are organized into three categories: (1) climate-based indicators, (2) hydrology-based indicators and (3) water demand/supply-based indicators. Climate-based indicators use variables such as precipitation, and potential or actual evapotranspiration to calculate water budgets. Widely used meteorological drought indices that calculate moisture surpluses and deficits are also examined. Hydrology-based indicators focus on v...
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Climate variability is recognized as an important influence on the availability of water throughout Canada, and projected climate change is anticipated to alter the amount, timing and distribution of water. This is Part II of a three-part (Parts I and III, this issue) analysis of water availability in Canada. Part II surveys current research, primarily Canadian in origin, on historical trends in climate and hydrologic indicators relevant to assessing water availability. Information on hydro-climate trends is not evenly distributed across Canada. Hydrologic trend research focuses on the North, British Columbia and the Prairies (Saskatchewan) with some research in Quebec, very little in Ontario and minimal analysis for Atlantic Canada. Overall, there is less research on trends in climatological indicators (drought, evapotranspiration, soil moisture); generally, the focus is on the Prairies. Hydrologic trends from basin-scale case studies are reported but inter-comparison is constrained by different periods ...