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Feminist economics is a school of economic thought and political action that gained important visibility during the 1990s, although its origins can be dated back to the mid-19th century. Since then, feminist economics has developed its own concepts, analytical frameworks, and methodologies. With gender as a central category, it seeks a more integral and humane comprehension of the economy and of the processes of inclusion and exclusion taking place in it. In addition, feminist economics has grown into a political practice that aims at improving the functioning of the economic system so that all people can have access to a dignified life on the basis of equality. This article presents a general systematization of these theoretical and political dimensions, particularly focusing on the critique of the neoclassical paradigm and its political correlates. We connect the epistemological, methodological, and conceptual contributions of feminist economics, as well as its propositions for transformative action, to specific debates on economic issues, such as the ecological emergency, crisis and austerity, the commodification of life, and the liberalization of trade.
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An extensive literature shows how property inheritance is biased against women in many developing countries, yet relatively little attention has been given to gender bias in other means of acquiring physical assets, such as the market. Using individual-level data from Ecuador, Ghana, and Karnataka, India, this study analyzes modes of acquisition and financing of housing, agricultural land, other real estate, and businesses. The findings show that women acquire fewer of their assets through the market than men, and that in asset markets, both men and women are more likely to use their own savings than to use credit. The study also analyzes current loans for asset acquisition and finds that, in general, women tend to be somewhat disadvantaged in securing formal bank loans. The results suggest that financial inclusion to promote more gender equal access to accumulation of assets should focus on both savings and credit, with priority to savings.
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Cet article propose d’étudier l’économie solidaire sous le prisme du genre à partir d’un double regard, critique et possibiliste. Ce double regard, inspiré à la fois de l’économie substantive polanyienne et des recherches féministes, éclaire la manière dont les pratiques d’économie solidaire renouvellent l’économique et le politique, compris ici à la fois comme catégories d’action et de pensée. Il met aussi en lumière les chemins multiples et sinueux de l’émancipation, fruit d’un entremêlement entre principes d’échange dont l’équilibre est en renouvellement permanent.
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This article examines the evolution of the sociotechnical systems that is leading to a massive increase in the overall indebtedness of marginalized populations in the Global South. I analyze the processes through which Big Data (or alternative data) technologies are transforming the infrastructure of fringe finance, the nature of its power relations, and its capacities. The article identifies the consequences of these technological transformations on financial practices and illustrates the qualitative nature of the changes involved. I propose that while these innovations have increased the power of this market to capture value, they have also increased risks to indebted populations and the infrastructure's stability. I argue that these financial practices, enhanced by the power of Big Data, have made the infrastructure of fringe finance dangerously hermetic to careful consideration of the productive capacities of those being targeted for inclusion into the formal financial system, thereby making it potentially dysfunctional.
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The World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law examines laws and regulations affecting women’s prospects as entrepreneurs and employees across 187 economies. Its goal is to inform policy discussions on how to remove legal restrictions on women and promote research on how to improve women’s economic inclusion. Women, Business and the Law 2019: A Decade of Reform introduces a new index measuring legal rights for women throughout their working lives in 187 economies. The index is composed of 35 data points grouped into eight indicators. The data covers a 10-year period not only to understand the current situation but to see how laws affecting women’s equality of opportunity have evolved over time. The index assesses economic rights at milestones spanning the arc of a woman’s working life: the ability to move freely; starting a job; getting paid; legal capacity within marriage; having children; running a business; managing assets; and getting a pension.
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This study deals with the effect of microcredit on women’s livelihood and empowerment in rural areas of Cote d’Ivoire. A cross-section survey was conducted among 185 borrowers from two microfinance institutions and 209 nonborrowers in rural areas of Cote d’Ivoire. In addition, a focus group discussion was held with each of the two women groups. After matching the two groups on the probability of obtaining credit, we found that the microcredit group on average had a higher income and a higher value of household assets than the non-borrowers. No differences in the value of personal women’s assets were found. Furthermore, on one hand women’s decision-making power in the household, as indicated by their strategic gender needs, was positively related to the probability of obtaining microcredit. On the other hand receiving microcredit tended to increase their decisionmaking power.
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Hier d'inspiration réformatrice, la micro-finance nourrit aujourd'hui une idéologie néolibérale, patriarcale et moraliste, portée par un capitalisme «social» et des économistes comme Esther Duflo. Les pauvres, et en premier lieu les femmes, sont perçus comme des entrepreneurs et consommateurs créatifs et responsables, ou des malades à soigner, impulsifs et irrationnels. Microcrédit, micro-épargne et éducation financière seraient des recettes miracles permettant l'épanouissement du potentiel entrepreneurial et l'émancipation par la consommation, ou la canalisation de tentations impulsives et la rationalisation des comportements. Les enquêtes menées dans diverses régions du monde montrent les dérives et les désillusions de la micro-finance. Une vision politique de la pauvreté et du marché permet de dépasser les impasses des idéologies dominantes. Des formes alternatives et solidaires d'épargne et de crédit ouvrent la perspective de réinventer la richesse, la solidarité et la lutte contre les dominations et les inégalités.
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« L'objectif de cette étude, effectuée par l’économiste Ruth Rose, professeure associée à l’Université du Québec à Montréal, est de présenter un portrait statistique de la situation des femmes québécoises sur le marché du travail, de son évolution au cours des années récentes et de la comparer à celle des hommes, en tenant compte de la diversité de la population féminine. » (2013, 1)
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La mesure actuellement la plus utilisée pour recenser la richesse d’un pays est le Produit intérieur brut, qui représente la valeur monétaire des biens et services fabriqués une année donnée. Cet indicateur a été inventé au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Comme tous les indicateurs il est issu de « conventions », parmi lesquelles celle de ne pas considérer comme faisant partie de la richesse nationale les activités réalisées au sein du foyer, qui ont très longtemps été prises en charge par les seules femmes et dont la répartition reste encore aujourd’hui très déséquilibrée entre les femmes et les hommes. L’article vise dans un premier temps à revenir sur les raisons – implicites ou explicites – de cette exclusion. Il présente ensuite une des manières de faire justice à un certain nombre de revendications féministes qui considèrent légitime de prendre au moins la mesure de la contribution de la production domestique à la richesse nationale en réalisant une estimation monétaire de celle-ci. Après avoir envisagé les différentes méthodes d’estimation, jusqu’à la plus récente, proposée par la Commission Stiglitz et l’ocde, ainsi que les avantages et inconvénients de celles-ci, nous analysons dans une dernière partie une autre manière de dépasser les limites intrinsèques au pib : le développement de nouveaux indicateurs plus axés sur la santé sociale, en envisageant, de manière exploratoire, les modalités d’une meilleure prise en compte des inégalités entre femmes et hommes.
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This book deals with the effectiveness and the capability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) to enhance women's livelihoods and empowerment and to mitigate the effects of HIV and AIDS in Côte d'Ivoire. The results show that MFI credit causes positive and negative effects. MFI credit has improved incomes, the level of farm production and human and social capital. MFI credit has also enhanced women's decision-making power within households due to their new ability to contribute to the improvement of the household standard of living. Furthermore, women's empowerment regarding the demand for and the use of credit give them more opportunity to obtain MFI credit. Despite the positive effects of MFIs on women's income, this publication shows that loan repayment was not successful among some female borrowers due to the fact that the loan has not been used for investment purposes. For MFIs, the diversion of loans can endanger their functioning and sustainability and therefore their effectiveness in rural areas. Regarding HIV, this book highlights the diversity and the specificity of the way HIV-affected individuals are financially supported by credit institutions. Both the direct and indirect effects of HIV and AIDS on women's livelihood and MFIs are analysed.