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La mise à l’écart des femmes se manifeste en Afrique, dans une certaine mesure, par leur sous- représentation aux postes de décisions et par des difficultés à s’investir dans les entreprises à grande valeur ajoutée. Ce faisant, elle constitue un phénomène pertinent à décrypter. Entreprendre mobilise des moyens conséquents pour émerger et pour réussir. Parfois, sur ce chemin, les femmes se heurtent à des entraves indubitables. Divers angles s’illustreraient aisément pour la mise en cohérence des entours du statut du féminin entrepreneurial. Le problème de départ évoque ces décennies de revendications sans apport consistant ni probant. Pour mieux cerner la donne, l’entrepreneurialité des femmes camerounaises sert de pilier observatoire. Comment se décline leur degré de prise d’initiative ? Comment ces initiatives s’érige nt-elles en pistes de solution pour leur démarginalisation ? Plus spécifiquement, malgré les obstacles, l’entrepreneuriat au féminin au Cameroun se situerait entre une double é treinte qu’il mérite de scander. Dans ce pays, les femmes se déploient dans le secteur informel et dans le secteur privé à travers de très nombreuses activités génératrices de revenus, parfois en marge de leurs emplois officiels. Seulement, ces réalités sur- entrepreneuriales côtoient d’infimes résultats. Comment comprendre ce paradoxe et quelle place lui accorder dans les recherches ? Cette réflexion qui, dans le cadre de l’Observatoire francophone pour le développement inclusif par le genre (OFDIG), prend appui sur des recherches engagées depuis plus de deux décennies interroge eu égard aux marques de rupture et de continuité. Au total, il en ressort deux dynamiques différentes. D’abord, il s’agit de celle de l'État qui améliore l'environnement (qualitatif) pour les femmes y compris sur le plan statistique (quantitatif). Ensuite, y contribue également le dynamisme des femmes elles-mêmes qui se prennent en charge. Analyser ce phénomène transitera par une analyse de l’existant, par ses contours, par sa complexité ainsi que par le descriptif des méthodes de démarginalisation.
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An extensive literature shows how property inheritance is biased against women in many developing countries, yet relatively little attention has been given to gender bias in other means of acquiring physical assets, such as the market. Using individual-level data from Ecuador, Ghana, and Karnataka, India, this study analyzes modes of acquisition and financing of housing, agricultural land, other real estate, and businesses. The findings show that women acquire fewer of their assets through the market than men, and that in asset markets, both men and women are more likely to use their own savings than to use credit. The study also analyzes current loans for asset acquisition and finds that, in general, women tend to be somewhat disadvantaged in securing formal bank loans. The results suggest that financial inclusion to promote more gender equal access to accumulation of assets should focus on both savings and credit, with priority to savings.
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This study deals with the effect of microcredit on women’s livelihood and empowerment in rural areas of Cote d’Ivoire. A cross-section survey was conducted among 185 borrowers from two microfinance institutions and 209 nonborrowers in rural areas of Cote d’Ivoire. In addition, a focus group discussion was held with each of the two women groups. After matching the two groups on the probability of obtaining credit, we found that the microcredit group on average had a higher income and a higher value of household assets than the non-borrowers. No differences in the value of personal women’s assets were found. Furthermore, on one hand women’s decision-making power in the household, as indicated by their strategic gender needs, was positively related to the probability of obtaining microcredit. On the other hand receiving microcredit tended to increase their decisionmaking power.
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This book deals with the effectiveness and the capability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) to enhance women's livelihoods and empowerment and to mitigate the effects of HIV and AIDS in Côte d'Ivoire. The results show that MFI credit causes positive and negative effects. MFI credit has improved incomes, the level of farm production and human and social capital. MFI credit has also enhanced women's decision-making power within households due to their new ability to contribute to the improvement of the household standard of living. Furthermore, women's empowerment regarding the demand for and the use of credit give them more opportunity to obtain MFI credit. Despite the positive effects of MFIs on women's income, this publication shows that loan repayment was not successful among some female borrowers due to the fact that the loan has not been used for investment purposes. For MFIs, the diversion of loans can endanger their functioning and sustainability and therefore their effectiveness in rural areas. Regarding HIV, this book highlights the diversity and the specificity of the way HIV-affected individuals are financially supported by credit institutions. Both the direct and indirect effects of HIV and AIDS on women's livelihood and MFIs are analysed.