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Les stéréotypes de genre prescrivent aux mères, mais pas aux pères, de donner la priorité à leur famille plutôt qu’à leur travail. Par conséquent, l’intériorisation des stéréotypes de genre peut prédire une culpabilité plus élevée chez les mères que chez les pères dans des situations où ils privilégient leur travail plutôt que leur famille. L’étude 1 (135 mères et 116 pères) a en effet révélé que plus les stéréotypes de genre implicites des pères étaient forts (mesurés à l’aide d’une tâche d’association implicite genre-carrière), moins les pères se déclaraient coupables dans une situation fictive d’interférence du travail dans la famille. Bien que les mères aient en moyenne déclaré une culpabilité plus élevée que les pères, cet effet n’a pas été atténué par leurs stéréotypes de genre implicites. L’étude 2 (étude du journal quotidien auprès de 105 mères) a toutefois révélé des preuves de l’effet modérateur des stéréotypes de genre implicites sur la culpabilité des mères qui travaillent. Plus les stéréotypes de genre implicites des mères étaient forts, plus elles déclaraient avoir des conflits entre le travail et la famille et de la culpabilité les jours où elles travaillaient de longues heures. Ces résultats montrent que les stéréotypes de genre implicites façonnent la façon dont les parents perçoivent leurs choix travail-famille.

Les personnes lesbiennes, gaies et bisexuelles (LGB) peuvent mobiliser différentes stratégies pour dévoiler ou cacher leur orientation sexuelle sur leur lieu de travail. Cette étude a pour objectif d'explorer les relations entre les micro-agressions homonégatives (MAH) perçues au travail et ces stratégies, ainsi que l'effet médiateur du climat organisationnel de diversité sexuelle dans ces relations. Un échantillon de 135 salariés·e·s LGB a répondu à un questionnaire en ligne portant sur ces trois variables. Les données ont été traitées par le biais de régressions linéaires simples et de méthodes d'analyse en pistes causales. Les résultats ont mis en avant que l'effet des MAH sur la gestion de son identité sexuelle au travail était médiatisé par le climat de diversité sexuelle. Il existe également une relation directe positive entre les MAH et le dévoilement. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière de la littérature existante sur le sujet. Des perspectives aux niveaux systémiques et individuels pour soutenir le climat de diversité sexuelle et réduire la discrimination vécue par les salarié·e·s LGB sont envisagées.

The current study explored sexual minority women’s gender aesthetic and style by using van Anders’ (2015) sexual configurations theory (SCT), which allows for nuance in the measurement of gender/sex research. Previous research on sexual minority women has suggested a markedly masculine “Lesbian Aesthetic” (Huxley et al., 2014) and has connected aesthetic expression to internalized homophobia and levels of outness such that sexual minority women categorized as more feminine report higher rates of internalized homophobia and identity concealment. However, the bulk of past research used dichotomous measures of assessing gender and predated an ostensible shift in LGBTQ+ identities. To update this body of research, the current study explored gender aesthetics by asking sexual minority women to map their gender expression using SCT diagrams and complete measures of outness and internalized homophobia. We found no significant group differences in internalized homophobia or outness for femme, butch, and androgynous participants. Content analyses of gender diagrams suggest that the gender aesthetics of sexual minority women are neither monolithic nor masculine but may be beginning to lean towards the feminine and most certainly encompass a complex and diverse range of expressions

Nation-wide opinion polls and social scientific studies indicate that evaluations of gay men and lesbian women have become increasingly favourable. These positive trends do not explain the widespread discrimination experiences being reported. To assist researchers in investigating attitudes towards gay and lesbian persons, the current research examines whether there are multiple “types” that are identifiable and salient. Two Canadian studies (Ns = 67 and 206) were conducted to establish the presence of gay and lesbian subgroups. Using subgroups generated by Study 1 participants, community and student sub-samples selected those they perceive to exist. Results indicated that, for gay men, the subgroups Drag Queen and Flamboyant emerged, as did Butch for lesbian women. Amongst students, Closeted and Feminine also emerged for gay men, as well as Feminist and Tomboy for lesbian women. These findings have implications for contemporary research on gay- and lesbian-related attitudes and the methodology used to assess them.

The view that humans comprise only two types of beings, women and men, a framework that is sometimes referred to as the “gender binary,” played a profound role in shaping the history of psychological science. In recent years, serious challenges to the gender binary have arisen from both academic research and social activism. This review describes 5 sets of empirical findings, spanning multiple disciplines, that fundamentally undermine the gender binary. These sources of evidence include neuroscience findings that refute sexual dimorphism of the human brain; behavioral neuroendocrinology findings that challenge the notion of genetically fixed, nonoverlapping, sexually dimorphic hormonal systems; psychological findings that highlight the similarities between men and women; psychological research on transgender and nonbinary individuals’ identities and experiences; and developmental research suggesting that the tendency to view gender/sex as a meaningful, binary category is culturally determined and malleable. Costs associated with reliance on the gender binary and recommendations for future research, as well as clinical practice, are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Le travail mental est une composante peu étudiée et longtemps invisible du travail familial. Les chercheurs ont décrit le travail mental comme important, éprouvant et effectué de manière disproportionnée par les mères par rapport aux pères. Cependant, les définitions opérationnelles utilisées dans ces études n'étaient que préliminaires et manquaient de terminologie unifiée. En réponse aux appels à une vision élargie du travail domestique et à de meilleures définitions de son contenu, nous avons entrepris une enquête phénoménologique sur le travail mental familial effectué par les mères. Notre analyse phénoménologique interprétative de sept entretiens de groupe a produit une définition du travail mental des mères et de ses composantes qui était empiriquement fondée sur l'expérience vécue des mères de jeunes enfants ( N = 25). Distinct des tâches ménagères, de la garde des enfants et du travail émotionnel, le travail mental est apparu comme une activité de réflexion effectuée dans le but d'atteindre des objectifs familiaux. Nous avons identifié six formes de travail mental : (a) la planification et l'élaboration de stratégies, (b) le suivi et l'anticipation des besoins, (c) la métaparentalité, (d) la connaissance (apprentissage et mémorisation), (e) la pensée managériale (y compris la délégation et l'instruction) et (f) l'autorégulation. Toutes les mères participantes se sont présentées comme le principal travailleur mental de leur famille, quel que soit leur statut d'emploi ou le niveau d'implication de leur partenaire. Notre description du travail mental peut aider les parents, les chercheurs, les cliniciens, les décideurs politiques et les éducateurs à reconnaître, à valoriser et à mieux tenir compte de la dynamique du travail mental à l'œuvre dans la construction de la vie familiale, la reproduction des rôles de genre et la perpétuation des écarts entre les sexes dans la division du travail familial et la charge mentale.

Although the number of U.S. female professors has risen steadily in recent years, female professors are still subject to different student expectations and treatment. Students continue to perceive and expect female professors to be more nurturing than male professors are. We examined whether students may consequently request more special favors from female professors. In a survey of professors (n = 88) across the United States, Study 1 found that female (versus male) professors reported getting more requests for standard work demands, special favors, and friendship behaviors, with the latter two mediating the professor gender effect on professors’ self-reported emotional labor. Study 2 utilized an experimental design using a fictitious female or male professor, with college student participants (n = 121) responding to a scenario in which a special favor request might be made of the professor. The results indicated that academically entitled students (i.e., those who feel deserving of success in college regardless of effort/performance) had stronger expectations that a female (versus male) professor would grant their special favor requests. Those expectations consequently increased students’ likelihood of making the requests and of exhibiting negative emotional and behavioral reactions to having those requests denied. This work highlights the extra burdens felt by female professors. We discuss possible moderators of these effects as well as the importance of developing strategies for preventing them. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Although the relationship between job work hours and women’s physical health has been examined, limited empirical research examines the family demand conditions that explain this relationship. Given the challenge of integrating work and family demands, we examine the boundary conditions under which job hours relate to women’s physical health by integrating the influences of household work hours, perceived unfairness of division of household labor, and traditional gender ideology. Using a large, multi-national archival dataset, our results show that women working long job hours are more likely to report decreased physical health and that this relationship is moderated by the hours and fairness perceptions of household labor: The lowest physical health was observed at high job hours and high household hours and also when women felt that they did less than their fair share of household labor. However, looking at the slopes of these relationships, the negative relationship between job hours and physical health was stronger when women worked lower household hours or felt that they contributed less than their fair share of household labor—suggesting that maintaining a contribution to household labor might be important for working women. Furthermore, these results suggest that policy and organizational interventions aimed at supporting women’s physical health could take their household labor contributions and fairness perceptions into account when assessing the negative impact of high job work hours. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Malgré l'acceptation croissante des personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles, transgenres et intersexes (LGBTI), de nombreuses études indiquent encore que de nombreuses discriminations existent toujours. Les lesbiennes d'Afrique australe sont quotidiennement victimes de violences physiques et verbales et de viols correctifs. Le but de cette étude était d'explorer les expériences vécues par des étudiantes lesbiennes noires de premier cycle dans une université rurale en Afrique du Sud. Une approche de recherche qualitative utilisant un plan de recherche phénoménologique a été utilisée. L'échantillon était composé de quinze étudiantes lesbiennes noires de premier cycle âgées de 18 à 25 ans. Les données ont été collectées dans deux groupes de discussion et analysées à l'aide d'une analyse phénoménologique interprétative (IPA). L'homophobie, le harcèlement, y compris les agressions physiques, et la non-acceptation étaient des expériences quotidiennes chez les participantes lesbiennes. Cela incluait la discrimination de la part des pairs, du personnel universitaire et des organisations religieuses. Des expériences positives, comme la rencontre de nouveaux amis partageant la même orientation sexuelle et la découverte de l'université comme espace libre pour explorer leur sexualité, ont été trouvées.

This article provides an overview on reproductive and sexual health of people with physical disabilities in developed and underdeveloped countries from 1995 to 2011. Based on the metasynthesis approach, the authors reviewed 15 qualitative studies. These studies were searched using Medline, CINAHL, CINAHL (health), ProQuest Central, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase, Informit Health, Sciences Direct, Pubmed, Pubmed Health, AAHD (abstracts), ProQuest Journal (sexuality and disability) and were also manually searched. All studies were judged on their qualities using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Reproductive health, sexual attractiveness and experiences, reproductive and sexual health knowledge, and dealing with reproductive and sexual health issues were four main themes that emerged from these studies. This paper proposes a new model to explain the factors that impacted the reproductive and sexual life of people with physical disabilities: internal and external factors. Implications for health and social care are discussed in light of the findings.

Camp—a sensibility, a style, and a form of artistic selfexpression—is an elusive concept said to be in the eye of the beholder. To refute Susan Sontag’s (1966) claims that camp is apolitical and not especially homosexual, a number of recent scholarly works have been geared toward revealing camp’s fundamental gayness. With the odd footnote aside, lesbian camp has been collapsed into the category of gay male camp, if not eclipsed entirely. Despite the negligible efforts made to legitimize lesbian camp, there are numerous salient cultural examples one might draw on to illustrate, typify, and substantiate a lesbian camp sensibility. I lay the ground work for this scholarly exercise by outlining various definitions and critiques of camp, and by discussing its history and application to queer theory. Then, to unveil lesbian camp, three nonmutually exclusive categories are discussed: classic, erotic, and radical. By gathering various strands of inquiry, and various textual examples (e.g., photography, artistic performances, and literary tropes), this article attempts to reach a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of lesbian camp.

Appearance is one way in which lesbian and bisexual identities and affiliation to lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) subculture can be demonstrated. ‘Butch’ and ‘androgynous’ styles have been used by lesbian women to communicate a non-heterosexual identity. However, some LGB appearance researchers have argued that there has been a mainstreaming and diversification of lesbian style in the last couple of decades, which has resulted in less distinction between lesbian and straight looks. This research draws on the Social Identity approach to explore contemporary style in lesbian and bisexual communities. Fifteen lesbian and bisexual women took part in semi-structured interviews which were analysed using thematic analysis. Although some participants reported a diversification of lesbian style, most used the term ‘butch’ to describe lesbian style, and a ‘boyish’ look was viewed as the most common contemporary lesbian style. By contrast, most participants could not identify distinct bisexual appearance norms. The data provide evidence of conflicting desires (and expectations) to visibly project social identity by conforming to specific lesbian styles, and to be an authentic, unique individual by resisting these subcultural styles

Paru aux Éditions La Dispute en 2013, le dernier ouvrage de Pascale Molinier s’attelle à ouvrir la boite noire du care, tel qu’il se déploie dans le quotidien d’un EHPAD de la région parisienne (renommé Villa Plénitude). S’inscrivant dans la lignée des travaux de psychologie et de philosophie qui en ont tenté une formalisation outre-Atlantique, son principal apport est de donner chair à une notion devenue « tarte-à-la-crème », en l’ancrant dans la réalité de situations professionnelles qui dé...

This article examines contemporary debates about the ‘sexualisation of culture’. It sets out the context for claims that Western societies are becoming more sexualised and it explores a number of competing perspectives about sexualisation. It then looks in more detail at the nature of claims about sexualisation as they emerge from the different disciplinary perspectives of Psychology and Media and Cultural Studies, contrasting the strengths and weaknesses of each, and raising criticisms of both. In a final discussion section, the article considers the usefulness or otherwise of the notion of ‘sexualisation’ as analytic category and points to the need to go beyond polarised positions. It advocates a psychosocial approach that takes seriously differences and power in considering the contemporary proliferation of ‘sexualised’ images, practices and media

This article elaborates an intimate justice framework to help guide research on sexual satisfaction. Using a critical historiography approach, I examine the etiology and development of the psychological construct of “satisfaction” over the last century and argue that social and political antecedents to satisfaction ratings are an essential and under-theorized aspect of research in this field. By examining what are considered to be the most influential definitions in life satisfaction research, I identify conceptual gaps, oversights, and disagreements that characterize this body of work, and specifically its theoretical treatment of inequity. Moving to the intimate domain, I argue that the field of sexual satisfaction must include theories and methods that systematically consider the role of social and sexual stigmas as antecedents to sexual satisfaction ratings. In the conclusion, building from existing social justice theories, I propose an intimate justice framework as a means to guide research that can highlight issues of entitlement and deservingness in sexual satisfaction research. This is particularly important as sexual satisfaction is increasingly used as an indicator of individual and relational well-being; however, this construct is presently limited and inadequately measured for women and men who experience limited sexual rights in the socio-political domain because of their gender and/or sexual minority status.

Much research has been conducted on ethnic differences in sexuality, but few studies have systematically assessed the importance of acculturation in sexual behavior. The present study assessed general differences in normative sexual practices in healthy Euro-American, Asian, and Hispanic populations, using measures of acculturation to analyze the relative effects of heritage and mainstream cultures within each group. A total of 1,419 undergraduates (67% Euro-American, 17% Hispanic, 16% Asian; 33% men, 67% women) completed questionnaires which assessed sexual experience and causal sexual behaviors. In concordance with previous studies, Asians reported more conservative levels of sexual experience and frequency of sexual behaviors, fewer lifetime partners, and later ages of sexual debut than Euro-American or Hispanic counterparts. Hispanic reported sexual experiences similar to that of Euro-Americans. There was a significant interaction between mainstream and heritage acculturation in predicting number of lifetime sexual partners in Asian women such that the relationship between heritage acculturation and casual sexual behavior was stronger at lower levels of mainstream acculturation. On the other hand, in Hispanic men, higher levels of mainstream acculturation predicted more casual sexual behavior (one-time sexual encounters and number of lifetime sexual partners) when heritage acculturation was low but less casual sexual behavior when heritage acculturation was high. These results suggest that, for sexual behavior, Hispanic men follow an “ethnogenesis” model of acculturation while Asian women follow an “assimilation” model of acculturation.

Caucasian-, Hispanic-, and Asian-American male and female students (n = 764) attending a California (USA) public university reported their perceptions of sexual assault. After reading a rape vignette, participants gave their impressions of the victim; estimated time needed for recovery and treatment; and recommended a sentence for the assailant. Half of the sample received information regarding state sentencing guidelines. Relative to female participants, males perceived the victim as more responsible. Caucasian-American males had stronger reservation about the victim’s judgment. Males were less inclined to assign blame than were females. Ethnicity was the only factor influencing perceptions of recovery. Ethnicity and sentencing guidelines, but not gender, impacted imprisonment decisions. Issues impeding a unified theoretical understanding of perceptions of rape victims were considered.

We conducted a review of literature regarding sexual attitudes and double standards, focusing on participant gender and ethnic background. We found that men had more permissive sexual attitudes than women, and that African Americans had the most permissive sexual attitudes, followed by White Americans, then by Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. The literature regarding sexual double standards was mixed; some studies showed evidence of continued sexual double standards and some studies showed the absence of sexual double standards. In some studies, men were more likely to endorse the sexual double standard than women. We found only one article addressing sexual double standards using ethnic background as a quasi-independent variable; this research revealed that non-North American (Russian and Japanese) samples were more likely to endorse the traditional double standard, that sex is more acceptable for men than for women.

As part of a larger multi-method study, 15 Black women college students participated in focus group discussions on the body. Contrary to popular theories that propose that Black women are protected by a “Black Culture” that buffers them from negative effects of body representations—thereby leaving them with higher body esteem—the themes that emerged in the focus group discussions indicate that young Black women are indeed feeling (1) pressures to be thin, (2) pressures from the preferences of men of diverse ethnicities, (3) competition with other Black women in the realms of beauty, and (4) a strong sense of being misrepresented by media images of thin Black women. These results not only indicate that body image issues are of real pressing concern to young Black women, but that psychological research methodologies may be adding to the misrepresentation of young Black women and their struggles. Qualitative methods must be utilized in order to hear more clearly the voices of Women of Color.

Des grossesses précoces chez des jeunes adolescentes haïtiennes de Montréal entraînent des situations de crise qui touchent plusieurs familles, en plus d’interpeller et d’impliquer des intervenants de diverses disciplines. Le sujet, abordé dans un contexte transculturel, fait référence au biculturalisme haïtien, tant en Haïti qu’en terre étrangère. Dans cet article, l’auteur aborde plus particulièrement la situation des Haïtiens dans le contexte québécois. L’analyse de l’attitude des parents des deux groupes culturels, occidentalisé et créole, constitue une lumière médiatrice dans les relations d’aide ou d’intervention psychothérapeutique. Dans la communauté haïtienne, les problèmes d’identité culturelle d’une part, et, le manque d’affiliation à la famille, d’autre part, sont à la base des conflits entre parents et enfants. L’auteur conclut avec des propositions dans le but d’améliorer l’efficacité des interventions avec ces familles dans leur processus d’adaptation migratoire.