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This dissertation examines African and African Diaspora concert dance in Montreal in relation to Canadian multicultural policies and Québec nationalism. The multiple layers of colonization and various waves of immigration to Québec have made the province a unique nation with its own complex history of racial construction, quite unlike the racial histories of the U.S. or the rest of Canada (though still greatly informed by these racial paradigms). In the debates that arise in Québec over multiculturalism, language is often seen as the main cultural component in need of preservation. However, this focus on language often masks other elements at play in these cultural debates, in particular, how "race" informs notions of cultural belonging in Québec. A focus on African Diaspora dance in Montreal (Québec's largest and most demographically varied city) helps bring racial construction to the fore for two reasons. First, language differences do not distinguish Québec's Black community from the white French-Canadian majority as Québec's Black population is comprised mainly of French-speakers, and accordingly, studying Montreal's African Diaspora reduces the significance of linguistic difference. Second, concentrating on dance practices helps identify how the Montreal public interprets bodies and their cultural meanings. By analyzing the public support and critical reception of African Diaspora dance practices in Montreal, this dissertation examines how racial difference is constructed through multicultural rhetoric, policies, and debates about dance; it also suggests that dance practitioners have the ability to change and inform these constructed identities and the social landscape that frames them. To conduct this research, I use archival material along with personal interviews and participant-observer ethnography to examine: the early visits of Les Ballets Africains to North America (with a particular focus on Montreal); the Montreal-based company Les Ballets Jazz; the 1999 Montreal festival Afrique: Aller/Retour; and the work of Contemporary African dance choreographer Zab Maboungou. With these subjects, my projects contributes a partial history of African Diaspora dance in Montreal and analyzes the effectiveness and the shortcomings of Canadian Multiculturalism on this community.
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Traduction de Bodies That Matter, (1993) La prise en compte de la matérialité des corps n’implique pas la saisie d’une réalité pure, naturelle, derrière le genre : si le sexe est un présupposé nécessaire du genre, nous n’aurons jamais accès au réel du sexe qu’à travers nos schèmes culturels. Le sexe, comme le genre, est une norme culturelle, qui régit la matérialité des corps. Il importe donc de souligner que le concept de matière a une histoire, où sont sédimentés les discours sur la différence sexuelle. En outre, si certains corps (par exemple blancs, mâles et hétérosexuels) sont valorisés par la norme, d’autres (par exemple lesbiens ou non blancs) sont produits comme abjects, rejetés dans un dehors invivable. À travers une reprise critique du concept foucaldien de « contrainte productive », Judith Butler s’efforce, loin de tout volontarisme, de ressaisir la façon dont ces corps peuvent défaire les normes qui les constituent et devenir le lieu d’une puissance d’agir transformatrice. Ce livre, où l’épistémologie se mêle à la politique, constitue un jalon des études de genre et l’un des ouvrages majeurs de son auteure.