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«Les chapitres qui suivent mettent en lumière tant la parole des femmes que le discours sur les femmes, les actions et les représentations. Ils explorent la réalité quotidienne de femmes ordinaires du XIXe, jeunes et moins jeunes, mariées et célibataires, blanches et noires, au Nord comme au Sud, qui sont restées silencieuses, souvent dans l’ombre d’un mari, d’un père ou d’un maître. Leurs témoignages, les mots qu’elles ont laissés dans les sources publiques et privées, les gestes qu’elles ont posés aussi bien dans le cadre de leurs relations affectives qu’au sein de leur exploitation familiale, leur réseau social, leur travail, leur église, leur communauté urbaine ou villageoise, leur région, sont autant d’indices à décoder pour dresser un portrait nuancé et documenter la condition des femmes aux États-Unis dans toute sa diversité sociale et culturelle.»
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Cet article, qui se situe dans l’ensemble des discours sur les droits des autochtones, explore de façon spécifique le sujet du rapport des femmes à la territorialité. En utilisant comme étude de cas les cultures wabanakies de la côte Est, l’auteure réexamine de manière critique les documents historiques pour analyser le rapport des femmes au « lieu » à travers leur relation à leur environnement et elle étudie comment le contexte de cette relation a été transformé par les processus de colonisation. Puisque ce texte s’insère dans le large champ des discours sur les droits autochtones, il soulève des questions importantes sur la position des femmes autochtones dans les processus actuels de reconnaissance des droits et des titres, non seulement comme participantes actuelles mais aussi comme acteurs historiques.
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The inequalities that persist in America have deep historical roots. Evelyn Nakano Glenn untangles this complex history in a unique comparative regional study from the end of Reconstruction to the eve of World War II. During this era the country experienced enormous social and economic changes with the abolition of slavery, rapid territorial expansion, and massive immigration, and struggled over the meaning of free labor and the essence of citizenship as people who previously had been excluded sought the promise of economic freedom and full political rights.After a lucid overview of the concepts of the free worker and the independent citizen at the national level, Glenn vividly details how race and gender issues framed the struggle over labor and citizenship rights at the local level between blacks and whites in the South, Mexicans and Anglos in the Southwest, and Asians and haoles (the white planter class) in Hawaii. She illuminates the complex interplay of local and national forces in American society and provides a dynamic view of how labor and citizenship were defined, enforced, and contested in a formative era for white-nonwhite relations in America.
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In this richly detailed and imaginatively researched study, Victoria Bynum investigates "unruly" women in central North Carolina before and during the Civil War. Analyzing the complex and interrelated impact of gender, race, class, and region on the lives of black and white women, she shows how their diverse experiences and behavior reflected and influenced the changing social order and political economy of the state and region. Her work expands our knowledge of black and white women by studying them outside the plantation setting.Bynum searched local and state court records, public documents, and manuscript collections to locate and document the lives of these otherwise ordinary, obscure women. Some appeared in court as abused, sometimes abusive, wives, as victims and sometimes perpetrators of violent assaults, or as participants in illicit, interracial relationships. During the Civil War, women frequently were cited for theft, trespassing, or rioting, usually in an effort to gain goods made scarce by war. Some women were charged with harboring evaders or deserters of the Confederacy, an act that reflected their conviction that the Confederacy was destroying them.These politically powerless unruly women threatened to disrupt the underlying social structure of the Old South, which depended upon the services and cooperation of all women. Bynum examines the effects of women's social and sexual behavior on the dominant society and shows the ways in which power flowed between the private and public spheres. Whether wives or unmarried, enslaved or free, women were active agents of the society's ordering and dissolution.
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Recent trends in feminist research indicate a growing interest in the impact of Native women on westward expansion and imperialism. The author suggests that while early European contacts affected the status of women negatively, the views of Native women were seldom recorded during these early contact periods. Recent studies have examined the status and changing roles of Native women from the viewpoints of contemporary Native women. The diversity of their opinions continues to be a part of the contemporary debate on the resilience and resourcefulness of Native women in the past.