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An article from Inter, on Érudit.

In the 1930s, Mary Travers wrote folk songs dealing with the thorny issue of the working poor during hard times. A self-styled “woman at the service of the community”, she focused on those who lost their jobs as a result of the economic crisis. Heeding tradition, she lauded the work of famers whom she perceived as the mythical representatives of an idealised “old era”. How did she reconcile her songs praising tradition with an increasingly industrial labour market ? How did she react to women entering the workforce ? What did she think of government actions in the face of dwindling employment and pressing poverty ? Did she consider herself to be a career woman, what with hers being the first successful recordings of Quebec folk songs ? Confronting or buttressing established taboos such as those about women in the workforce, she wrote songs reflecting those societal issues prevalent at the time. Yet, she set herself apart both through her trade as a songwriter and her depiction of it. The economic situation in the province of Quebec influenced how labour was perceived, and her writings, favouring the standpoint of a working woman from the lower classes where employment is a matter of both survival and pride, echoed this perception with originality. A sociological and critical analysis of her songs illustrates the societal discourse on labour that prevailed during hard times.

The successful compositional careers of Jean Coulthard, Barbara Pentland, and Violet Archer spanned all but the first three decades of the twentieth century. Entering a compositional career at this time had many challenges: as Western Canadians, these composers had to establish their credibility with a public that could not be counted on to recognize the worth of their work due to sexist bias and a prevailing critical stance: public approval was evidence of a lack of true creativity. This was especially problematic for women, who had to keep to the center of progressive composition, away from the experimental and conservative margins, in order to gain recognition. Following World War II, the pressure of modernism increased, due at least in part to initiatives by the U. S. Government in occupied Germany, countering the stereotype of the unsophisticated American with a new narrative of American experimental tradition.

In this article, I examine the tense relationship between belonging and recognition that occurs as two young composers try to situate their musical identities between the urge to contest the hegemony of Western art music and the desire to be part of and recognized within this musical tradition. I draw on their participation as finalists in an international composition competition to examine how issues of identity, postcoloniality, and belonging, on the one hand, and of musical authorship, subjectivity, and agency, on the other hand, are woven into the highly ritualized processes of evaluation and recognition in contemporary Western art music.

A review of “masculine” and “feminine” attitudes towards music composition of the past fifty years highlights the contributions of Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux and Marcelle Deschênes to the development of Québécois electroacoustic music. The author re-creates the historical context for the composers’ childhoods, adolescences, and periods of training in Montreal and Paris, and follows this with a discussion of how they negotiated the dominant trends of the 1970s. She then turns to the composers’ roles as pioneers: in their wish to depart from well-trodden paths, Coulombe Saint-Marcoux and Deschênes turned to new technological tools that would allow them to express a new artistic sensibility. From this perspective, they should be considered the “sherpas” of Québécois electroacoustic music.

We examine the uses of and attitudes towards language of members of the Montreal Hip-Hop community in relation to Quebec language-in-education policies. These policies, implemented in the 1970s, have ensured that French has become the common public language of an ethnically diverse young adult population in Montreal. We argue, using Blommaert's (2005) model of orders of indexicality, that the dominant language hierarchy orders established by government policy have been both flattened and reordered by members of the Montreal Hip-Hop community, whose multilingual lyrics insist: (1) that while French is the lingua franca, it is a much more inclusive category which includes ‘Bad French,’ regional and class dialects, and European French; and (2) that all languages spoken by community members are valuable as linguistic resources for creativity and communication with multiple audiences. We draw from a database which includes interviews with and lyrics from rappers of Haitian, Latin-American, African-American and Québécois origin.

Through ethnographic fieldwork undertaken from 2003 to 2010, discussion with local musicians, and analysis of concert programs, recordings, live performances, rehearsals, press reviews, musicians’ websites and textual sources, the author examines the means by which the Chinese diasporic community in Montreal negotiates its cultural identity and exerts its agency through musical performance. The author also explores how the tangled relationships of regionally- diverse Chinese immigrants to their birthplaces and their chosen homeland are unravelled, reflecting simultaneous positions as “insiders” and “outsiders.”

This article is an incursion into the domain of sound ecology based on interdisciplinary research about artists and researchers. We expose the fundamental principles of sound ecology, a discipline that emerged during the seventies, and discuss the best practices of women in sound ecology, demonstrating how this constitutes a relevant research area for women’s studies. The link between feminism and sound ecology being established, we summarize three sociopolitically relevant research projects whose methods resemble feminist action research. We conclude by reflecting on the best means to foster interdisciplinary collaboration.

La musique actuelle née au tournant des années 1970-1980 a connu ses heures de gloire pendant de nombreuses années. Trois femmes font partie de la lancée et demeurent à ce jour des musiciennes actives et des administratrices hors pair. Mais d’autres, artistes sonores plutôt qu’instrumentistes, émergent, au moment du tournant technologique et plus particulièrement au milieu des années 1990. Un nombre important de ces femmes développent des pratiques non instrumentales d’art audio, de musique bruitiste, de musiques mixtes, électroniques expérimentales, d’installation et de multimédia. Elles sont mal connues, méconnues des grands médias et de la plupart des lieux d’enseignement de la musique, bien que plusieurs d’entre elles les aient fréquentés. Ce moment de rencontre avec certaines d’entre elles souhaite les faire apparaître, en plein jour.

The powerful concept of orientalism has undergone considerable refinement since Edward Said popularized the term with his eponymous book in 1978. Orientalism typically is presented as a totalizing process that creates polar oppositions between a dominating West and a subordinate East. U.S. orientalisms, however, reflect uniquely North American approaches to identity formation that include assimilating characteristics usually associated with the Other. This article explores the complex relationship among three individuals—U.S. composer Charles T. Griffes, Canadian singer Eva Gauthier, and German-trained Dutch East Indies composer Paul J. Seelig—and how they exploited the same Javanese songs to lend legitimacy to their individual artistic projects. A comparison of Griffes's and Seelig's settings of a West Javanese tune (“Kinanti”) provides an especially clear example of how contrasting approaches manifest different orientalisms. Whereas Griffes accompanied the melody with stock orientalist gestures to express his own fascination with the exotic, Seelig used chromatic harmonies and a chorale-like texture to ground the melody in the familiar, translating rather than representing its Otherness. The tunes that bind Griffes, Gauthier, and Seelig are only the raw materials from which they created their own unique orientalisms, each with its own sense of self and its own Javanese others.

Si les spéculations idéologiques concernant les différences biologiques entre les sexes persistent dans le domaine de la création, elles ont été mises en valeur dès 1970 par des écrivaines et plasticiennes pour oeuvrer en fonction de mythes spécifiques touchant à leur féminité, au corps de la femme chargé de stigmates, afin qu’émerge un « art féminin ». D’une certaine manière, des compositrices vont emprunter cette voie en affirmant entretenir un rapport différent de celui des hommes à l’écriture musicale. Selon elles, leur sensibilité spécifique et leur situation d’être au monde les poussent à travailler autrement, à partir de thématiques « existentielles » inspirées de leur condition sociale et culturelle. De telles circonstances ont provoqué cette quête identitaire par l’invention d’un style artistique particulier qui, paradoxalement, use de ce qui était considéré par un féminisme radical comme les pièges de la féminité. Cet article tente de montrer que ces spécificités, du moins ces constantes relevées par les créatrices expliquant leur démarche, sont le résultat de recherches esthétiques pour caractériser une création universelle au féminin, et non le produit de diktats biologiques.

Cet article étudie la notion d’hommage à partir du Festival SuperMicMac organisé en 2000 par sept compositrices à la mémoire de Mary Travers (alias La Bolduc), icône de la musique populaire au Québec dans les années 1930. Par des allusions, des références précises et explicites ou par de simples emprunts et citations, ces hommages sont autant de lectures que de relectures des chansons sélectionnées en abordant différents modes de jeux d’« intertextualité musicale ». Celle-ci se situe à deux niveaux : le pôle de la production, qui montre que les chansons engagées de La Bolduc sont ellesmêmes le témoignage d’une époque ; le pôle de la réception, pour exposer les résonances de ces chansons à partir de références autres et communes à la fois, comme la place des femmes dans la création musicale. Cette étude envisage ainsi l’hommage à partir des aspects, des significations et des enjeux musicaux posés par l’intertextualité musicale. L’hommage est ainsi conçu comme un « réactivateur » de sens.