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I start this discussion in this chapter with an outline of the key points within the #metoo debate, looking at what, according to various scholars, has and has not been achieved since the hashtag went viral in 2017. This overview constitutes the context for the subsequent analysis and critical evaluation, which will look at how the press conceptualised #metoo, and how it shaped some of the wider discussions about the hashtag. In Chapter 11, it will focus on whether (and how) the widespread use of #metoo after 2017 affected the representation of violence against women in the British press compared to the previous years.
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This chapter provides a contextual account of the rise of #MeToo as an global gender-equality campaign supporting those affected by sexual transgressions. Originally articulated by African-American civil rights activist Tarana Burke in 2006, the slogan ‘me too’ was meant as a rallying cry to support young minority ethic survivors of sexual abuse. Years later, social media would turn Burke’s motto into a byword for the global #MeToo movement. The chapter chronicles the events surrounding #MeToo’s inception, including Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein’s sexual exploitation scandal in 2017, and The New York Times and The New Yorker exposés of his serial offending within the film industry. It also examines the narratives of countless survivors and #MeToo campaigners, including high-profile cases such as those of Rose McGowan, Alyssa Milano, Mimi Haleyi, Jessica Mann and Zelda Perkins. The chapter then critically considers the growth and international significance of #MeToo as well as its inherent shortcomings.
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In October 2017, the British Film Institute declared that it would commit to specific targets for gender equality and diversity in key production roles on films with support from the Film Fund. This decision by the BFI to set targets, arguably, did not come just from their own diversity and inclusion goals. Activist film-makers had previously called for targets for the Film Fund, especially for women directors. This chapter will give an accounting of the current state of gender (in)equality in the UK industry by: outlining new research that has clarified the stagnant inequality in the UK film industry; articulating the key role of a network of activist groups (that include researchers, professional and campaigning bodies, exhibitors and film-makers) to bring attention to the problem; putting pressure on the film industry and public bodies; and summarising institutional responses to that pressure since 2016, with a critical analysis of the potential and limits of the BFI’s relatively recently implemented diversity and equality targets.
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Sweden has been hailed for its recent success in increasing the number of female directors, scriptwriters and producers. Published reports, panel discussions and a vast number of press conferences on the pressing matter of gender equality within the industry together with a 5050 quota have all put the Swedish film industry—and its CEO Anna Serner—on the map. However, the last couple of years has disclosed several scandals regarding sexism and discrimination in the Swedish film industry—just as in other national film industries. This paper sets out to discuss how female film workers (e.g., directors, actors and producers) understand and negotiate their experiences of male dominance within their work context. Based on a series of interviews with women working in Swedish film from the early 1960s until today, we analyze similarities and differences in experiences as well as how these experiences are explained by the interviewees. Their stories are analyzed by using feminist institutional theory to understand how policy, funding schemes and other institutional aspects are intertwined with their experiences. The paper sets out to analyze three themes: (1) comments and suggestions during production and post-production regarding female protagonists; (2) experience of gender trouble in the process of fundraising; and (3) strategies used by the interviewed filmmakers to produce a more women-friendly environment during productions.