Strategic use of instruments of land policy for mobilising private land for flood risk management - Löschner, Lukas; Hartmann, Thomas; Priest, Sally; Collentine, Dennis (Environmental Science & Policy, 2021)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Prenatal maternal subjective distress predicts higher autistic-like traits in offspring: The Iowa Flood Study - Lapierre, Mylène; Elgbeili, Guillaume; Laplante, David P.; O’Hara, Michael W.; D’Antono, Bianca; King, Suzanne (Development and Psychopathology, 2024)
Abstract Autism spectrum disorder prevalence more than quadrupled in the United States between 2000 and 2020. Ice storm-related prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) predicts autistic-like trait severity in children exposed early in gestation. The objective was to determine the extent to which PNMS influences the severity and trajectory of autistic-like traits in prenatally flood-exposed children at ages 4–7 years and to test moderation by sex and gestational timing. Soon after the June 2008 floods in Iowa, USA, 268 women pregnant during the disaster were assessed for objective hardship, subjective distress, and cognitive appraisal of the experience. When their children were 4, 5½, and 7 years old, mothers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) to assess their children’s autistic-like traits; 137 mothers completed the SCQ for at least one age. The final longitudinal multilevel model showed that the greater the maternal subjective distress, the more severe the child’s autistic-like traits, controlling for objective hardship. The effect of PNMS on rate of change was not significant, and there were no significant main effects or interactions involving sex or timing. Prenatal maternal subjective distress, but not objective hardship or cognitive appraisal, predicted more severe autistic-like traits at age 4, and this effect remained stable through age 7.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Novembre_2024

The wider the gap between rich and poor the higher the flood mortality - Lindersson, Sara; Raffetti, Elena; Rusca, Maria; Brandimarte, Luigia; Mård, Johanna; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano (Nature Sustainability, 2023)
Economic inequality is rising within many countries globally, and this can significantly influence the social vulnerability to natural hazards. We analysed income inequality and flood disasters in 67 middle- and high-income countries between 1990 and 2018 and found that unequal countries tend to suffer more flood fatalities. This study integrates geocoded mortality records from 573 major flood disasters with population and economic data to perform generalized linear mixed regression modelling. Our results show that the significant association between income inequality and flood mortality persists after accounting for the per-capita real gross domestic product, population size in flood-affected regions and other potentially confounding variables. The protective effect of increasing gross domestic product disappeared when accounting for income inequality and population size in flood-affected regions. On the basis of our results, we argue that the increasingly uneven distribution of wealth deserves more attention within international disaster-risk research and policy arenas.
Keywords: Hydrology; Natural hazards; Sustainability; Water resources

Multi-Scale Flood Mapping under Climate Change Scenarios in Hexagonal Discrete Global Grids - Li, Mingke; McGrath, Heather; Stefanakis, Emmanuel (ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2022)
Among the most prevalent natural hazards, flooding has been threatening human lives and properties. Robust flood simulation is required for effective response and prevention. Machine learning is widely used in flood modeling due to its high performance and scalability. Nonetheless, data pre-processing of heterogeneous sources can be cumbersome, and traditional data processing and modeling have been limited to a single resolution. This study employed an Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area Aperture 3 Hexagonal Discrete Global Grid System (ISEA3H DGGS) as a scalable, standard spatial framework for computation, integration, and analysis of multi-source geospatial data. We managed to incorporate external machine learning algorithms with a DGGS-based data framework, and project future flood risks under multiple climate change scenarios for southern New Brunswick, Canada. A total of 32 explanatory factors including topographical, hydrological, geomorphic, meteorological, and anthropogenic were investigated. Results showed that low elevation and proximity to permanent waterbodies were primary factors of flooding events, and rising spring temperatures can increase flood risk. Flooding extent was predicted to occupy 135–203% of the 2019 flood area, one of the most recent major flooding events, by the year 2100. Our results assisted in understanding the potential impact of climate change on flood risk, and indicated the feasibility of DGGS as the standard data fabric for heterogeneous data integration and incorporated in multi-scale data mining.

The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management - Kreibich, Heidi; Van Loon, Anne F.; Schröter, Kai; Ward, Philip J.; Mazzoleni, Maurizio; Sairam, Nivedita; Abeshu, Guta Wakbulcho; Agafonova, Svetlana; AghaKouchak, Amir; Aksoy, Hafzullah; Alvarez-Garreton, Camila; Aznar, Blanca; et al. (Nature, 2022)
Abstract Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally 1,2 , yet their impacts are still increasing 3 . An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data 4,5 . On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change 3 .

The behavioral turn in flood risk management, its assumptions and potential implications - Kuhlicke, Christian; Seebauer, Sebastian; Hudson, Paul; Begg, Chloe; Bubeck, Philip; Dittmer, Cordula; Grothmann, Torsten; Heidenreich, Anna; Kreibich, Heidi; Lorenz, Daniel F.; Masson, Torsten; Reiter, Jessica; et al. (WIREs Water, 2020)
Abstract Recent policy changes highlight the need for citizens to take adaptive actions to reduce flood‐related impacts. Here, we argue that these changes represent a wider behavioral turn in flood risk management (FRM). The behavioral turn is based on three fundamental assumptions: first, that the motivations of citizens to take adaptive actions can be well understood so that these motivations can be targeted in the practice of FRM; second, that private adaptive measures and actions are effective in reducing flood risk; and third, that individuals have the capacities to implement such measures. We assess the extent to which the assumptions can be supported by empirical evidence. We do this by engaging with three intellectual catchments. We turn to research by psychologists and other behavioral scientists which focus on the sociopsychological factors which influence individual motivations (Assumption 1). We engage with economists, engineers, and quantitative risk analysts who explore the extent to which individuals can reduce flood related impacts by quantifying the effectiveness and efficiency of household‐level adaptive measures (Assumption 2). We converse with human geographers and sociologists who explore the types of capacities households require to adapt to and cope with threatening events (Assumption 3). We believe that an investigation of the behavioral turn is important because if the outlined assumptions do not hold, there is a risk of creating and strengthening inequalities in FRM. Therefore, we outline the current intellectual and empirical knowledge as well as future research needs. Generally, we argue that more collaboration across intellectual catchments is needed, that future research should be more theoretically grounded and become methodologically more rigorous and at the same time focus more explicitly on the normative underpinnings of the behavioral turn. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Water Governance Science of Water > Water Extremes

What determines flood risk perception? A review of factors of flood risk perception and relations between its basic elements - Lechowska, Ewa (Natural Hazards, 2018)
While the methods of risk analysis are generally based on objective measurements, the subjective assessment of risk, such as risk perception, is currently considered a crucial aspect in the context of flood risk management. Risk perception is regarded as an assessment of the perceived probability of hazard and the perceived probability of the results (most often—negative consequences). The work attempts to answer the question: What determines flood risk perception? The knowledge of the factors influencing flood risk perception can solve the issue of the society’s underestimation of flood risk. This issue was considered both in terms of the impact of particular factors on flood risk perception and the interrelationship between three characteristics of flood risk perception: preparedness, worry and awareness. The results were developed based on critical analysis of the empirical research. The review shows that the way particular characteristics determine flood risk perception is not clear and many authors show the diverse conclusions from the similar research. Taking into account various research results, the following factors were distinguished: primary (which clearly influence risk perception), secondary (which influence it unclearly and require further research) and intervening (often describing the context). The organization of the results of the research on the flood risk assessment conducted herein aims to improve the understanding of the human perception of flood risk and, as a result, will lead to the decrease in flood risk by improving the communication of the issue and motivating the residents of the endangered areas to take actions that reduce the negative effects of floods.

Prenatal maternal stress is associated with toddler cognitive functioning: The Iowa Flood Study - Laplante, David P.; Hart, Kimberley J.; O'Hara, Michael W.; Brunet, Alain; King, Suzanne (Early Human Development, 2018)
Keywords: Brunet_Alain

Ice‐jam flood risk assessment and mapping - Lindenschmidt, Karl‐Erich; Das, Apurba; Rokaya, Prabin; Chu, Thuan (Hydrological Processes, 2016)
Abstract In northern regions, river ice‐ jam flooding can be more severe than open‐water flooding causing property and infrastructure damages, loss of human life and adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Very little has been performed to assess the risk induced by ice‐related floods because most risk assessments are limited to open‐water floods. The specific objective of this study is to incorporate ice‐jam numerical modelling tools (e.g. RIVICE, Monte‐Carlo simulation) into flood hazard and risk assessment along the Peace River at the Town of Peace River (TPR) in Alberta, Canada. Adequate historical data for different ice‐jam and open‐water flooding events were available for this study site and were useful in developing ice‐affected stage‐frequency curves. These curves were then applied to calibrate a numerical hydraulic model, which simulated different ice jams and flood scenarios along the Peace River at the TPR. A Monte‐Carlo analysis was then carried out to acquire an ensemble of water level profiles to determine the 1 : 100‐year and 1 : 200‐year annual exceedance probability flood stages for the TPR. These flood stages were then used to map flood hazard and vulnerability of the TPR. Finally, the flood risk for a 200‐year return period was calculated to be an average of $32/m 2 /a ($/m 2 /a corresponds to a unit of annual expected damages or risk). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Floods have become less deadly: an analysis of global flood fatalities 1975–2022 - Jonkman, S. N.; Curran, A.; Bouwer, L. M. (Natural Hazards, 2024)
Abstract Floods are amongst the most frequent disasters in terms of human and economic impacts. This study provides new insights into the frequency of loss of life at the global scale, mortality fractions of the population exposed to floods, and underlying trends. A dataset is compiled based on the EM-DAT disaster database covering the period 1975 until 2022, extending previous studies on this topic. Flood impact data are analysed over spatial, temporal and economic scales, decomposed in various flood types and compared with other natural disasters. Floods are the most frequent natural disasters up to 1000 fatalities, and flash floods lead to the highest mortality fractions per event, i.e. the number of deaths in an event relative to the exposed population. Despite population growth and increasing flood hazards, the average number of fatalities per event has declined over time. Mortality fractions per event have decreased over time for middle- and high-middle-income countries, but increased for low-income countries. This highlights the importance of continuing and expanding risk reduction and adaptation efforts.

A novel explainable PSO-XGBoost model for regional flood frequency analysis at a national scale: Exploring spatial heterogeneity in flood drivers - Kanani-Sadat, Yousef; Safari, Abdolreza; Nasseri, Mohsen; Homayouni, Saeid (Journal of Hydrology, 2024)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Ete_2024

Flood Damage and Mortgage Credit Risk: A Case Study of Hurricane Harvey - Kousky, Carolyn; Palim, Mark; Pan, Ying (Journal of Housing Research, 2020)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

A local level relationship between floods and poverty: A case in Myanmar - Kawasaki, Akiyuki; Kawamura, Genki; Zin, Win Win (International journal of disaster risk reduction, 2020)
Abstract The frequency of floods is predicted to increase in south-east Asia, and this may exacerbate the living conditions of poor people in flood-prone areas. Though much work has been conducted on the effects of poverty, there is a pressing need for more analysis on the local effects of floods. The work that does exist usually is based on qualitative analysis. This paper investigates the relationship between floods and poverty at a household level. It is based on a questionnaire survey conducted in Bago city, Myanmar. Using multi-regression analysis and spatial analysis, we found that poor people tend to live in flood-prone areas, and that floods can cause and exacerbate poverty. Spatial distribution results show that the people who suffer most from floods are those who live in the worst conditions. We discuss the resettlement of communities as an option for countering the effects of floods and alleviating poverty.

Continuous earlywood vessels chronologies in floodplain ring-porous species can improve dendrohydrological reconstructions of spring high flows and flood levels - Kames, Susanne; Tardif, Jacques C.; Bergeron, Yves (Journal of Hydrology, 2016)
Summary Plants respond to environmental stimuli through changes in growth and development. Characteristics of wood cells such as the cross-sectional area of vessel elements (hereafter referred to as vessels) may store information about environmental factors present at the time of vessel differentiation. The analysis of vessel characteristics therefore offers a different time resolution than annual ring width because vessels in tree rings differentiate within days to a few weeks. Little research has been conducted on the sensitivity of earlywood vessels in ring-porous species in response to flooding. The general objectives of this study were to determine the plasticity of earlywood vessel to high flows and spring flooding in floodplain black ash ( Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees and to assess the utility of developing continuous earlywood vessel chronologies in dendrohydrological reconstruction. In contrast, most dendrohydrological studies until now have mainly used vessel anomalies (flood rings) as discrete variables to identify exceptional flood events. The study area is located in the boreal region of northwestern Quebec. Vessel and ring-width chronologies were generated from F. nigra trees growing on the floodplain of Lake Duparquet. Spring discharge had among all hydro-climatic variables the strongest impact on vessel formation and this signal was coherent spatially and in the frequency domain. The mean vessel area chronology was significantly and negatively correlated to discharge and both the linearity and the strength of this association were unique. In floodplain F. nigra trees, spring flooding promoted the formation of more abundant but smaller earlywood vessels. Earlywood vessels chronologies were also significantly associated with other hydrological indicators like Lake Duparquet’s ice break-up date and both ice-scar frequency and height chronologies. These significant relationships stress the utility of developing continuous vessels chronologies for hydrological reconstructions prior to instrumental data. Continuous earlywood vessel chronologies may also be useful in determining the impact of altered hydrological regime in floodplain habitat regulated by spring floods. Future research should involve quantifying the impact of high flows and flooding on other cell constituents and also determining the plasticity and utility of continuous anatomical series in floodplain diffuse-porous species.

Loss of Life Caused by the Flooding of New Orleans After Hurricane Katrina: Analysis of the Relationship Between Flood Characteristics and Mortality - Jonkman, Sebastiaan N.; Maaskant, B.; Boyd, Emily; Levitan, Marc L. (Risk Analysis, 2009)
In this article a preliminary analysis of the loss of life caused by Hurricane Katrina in the New Orleans metropolitan area is presented. The hurricane caused more than 1,100 fatalities in the state of Louisiana. A preliminary data set that gives information on the recovery locations and individual characteristics for 771 fatalities has been analyzed. One-third of the analyzed fatalities occurred outside the flooded areas or in hospitals and shelters in the flooded area. These fatalities were due to the adverse public health situation that developed after the floods. Two-thirds of the analyzed fatalities were most likely associated with the direct physical impacts of the flood and mostly caused by drowning. The majority of victims were elderly: nearly 60% of fatalities were over 65 years old. Similar to historical flood events, mortality rates were highest in areas near severe breaches and in areas with large water depths. An empirical relationship has been derived between the water depth and mortality and this has been compared with similar mortality functions proposed based on data for other flood events. The overall mortality among the exposed population for this event was approximately 1%, which is similar to findings for historical flood events. Despite the fact that the presented results are preliminary they give important insights into the determinants of loss of life and the relationship between mortality and flood characteristics.

Sensitivity of modern and Holocene floods to climate change - Knox, James C. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Impacts of climate change on flood volumes over North American catchments - Ionno, Alexandre; Arsenault, Richard; Troin, Magali; Martel, Jean-Luc; Brissette, François (Journal of Hydrology, 2024)

A framework for coastal flood hazard assessment under sea level rise: Application to the Persian Gulf - Irani, Maryam; Naderi, Mohammad Mahdi; Massah Bavani, Ali Reza; Hassanzadeh, Elmira; Moftakhari, Hamed (Journal of Environmental Management, 2024)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Janvier_2024

Regionalization of flood magnitudes using the ecological attributes of watersheds - Jabbarian Amiri, Bahman; Baheri, Bahareh; Fohrer, Nicola; Adamowski, Jan Franklin (Geocarto International, 2020)

Natural and imposed injustices: the challenges in implementing 'fair' flood risk management policy in England - Johnson, Clare L.; Penning-Rowsell, Edmund C.; Parker, Dennis J. (The Geographical Journal, 2007)
This paper examines the challenges facing English flood risk management (FRM) policy and practice when considering fair decision-making processes and outcomes at a range of spatial scales. It is recognised that flooding is not fair per se : the inherent natural spatial inequality of flood frequency and extent, plus the legacy of differential system interventions, being the cause. But, drawing on the three social justice models – procedural equality, Rawls’ maximin rule and maximum utility – the authors examine the fairness principles currently employed in FRM decision-making. This is achieved, firstly, in relation to the distribution of taxpayer’s money for FRM at the national, regional and local levels and, secondly, for non-structural strategies – most notably those of insurance, flood warnings and awareness raising, land use control, home owner adaptation and emergency management. A case study of the Lower Thames catchment illustrates the challenges facing decision-makers in ‘real life’: how those strategies which appear to be most technically and economically effective fall far short of being fair from either a vulnerability or equality perspective. The paper concludes that if we are to manage flood risk somewhat more fairly then a move in the direction of government funding of nationally consistent non-structural strategies, in conjunction with lower investment decision thresholds for other local-level FRM options, appears to offer a greater contribution to equality and vulnerability-based social justice principles than the status quo.

Turkmen women’s traditional craft skills in post-disaster recovery: the case of the 2019 Northeast floods in Iran - Hassani, Atoosa; Fayazi, Mahmood; Mottaki, Zoheir; Adib, Morteza; Dehbandi, Ramin; Khalili Gheidari, Yasamam; Seraji, Fatemeh (Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 2025)
Purpose This study investigates why Turkmen women’s traditional handicraft skills have declined and explains how the local, traditional craft skills accelerated the post-flood recovery of Turkmen women in the aftermath of the 2019 Northeast floods in Iran. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a case study approach, employing reflective thematic analysis. Findings Post-disaster recovery spurred a shift from traditional to modern lifestyles through new housing designs, enhanced female literacy and greater economic participation. However, this transition devalued traditional crafts due to heightened household chores, material scarcity and reduced market demand. Nonetheless, women with craft skills played a pivotal role in household recovery by repairing damaged items and crafting dowries for their daughters, illustrating their contribution to social and economic resilience. Social implications These research findings shed light on the importance of traditional craft skills in enabling the female household member, in particular, to recover from disasters and contribute to the recovery of their households and communities. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in its focus on the specific context of Turkmen women’s traditional craft skills and their role in post-disaster recovery, particularly after the 2019 Northeast floods in Iran. While there is existing research on post-disaster recovery mechanisms, this study uniquely examines the under-researched impact of traditional craft skills on the recovery process, specifically for female household members.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2025

Spatiotemporal variations of riverine flood fatalities: 70 years global to regional perspective - Hamidifar, Hossein; Nones, Michael (2023)
Abstract Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards worldwide. While rainfall is the primary trigger of floods, human activities and climate change can exacerbate the impacts of floods and lead to more significant economic and social consequences. In this research, fluvial flood fatalities in the 1951–2020 period have been studied, analyzing the information reported in the Emergency Database (EM‐DAT). The EM‐DAT data were classified into five categories in terms of the number of events and fatalities connected with riverine floods, considering only events that caused more than 10 fatalities. The results show that the severity of flood‐related fatalities is not equally distributed worldwide, but presents specific geographical patterns. The flood fatality coefficient, which represents the ratio between the total number of fatalities and the number of flood events, calculated for different countries, identified that the Southern, Eastern, and South‐Eastern regions of Asia have the deadliest floods in the world. The number of flood events has been increasing since 1951 and peaked in 2007, following a relative decline since then. Though, the resulting fatalities do not follow a statistically significant trend. An analysis of the number of flood events in different decades shows that the 2001–2010 decade saw the highest number of events, which corresponds to the largest precipitation anomaly in the world. The lethality of riverine floods decreased over time, from 412 per flood in 1951–1960 to 67 in the 2011–2020 decade. This declining trend is probably a consequence of a more resilient environment and better risk reduction strategies. Based on the presented data and using regression analysis, relationships between flood fatalities and the number of flood events with population density and gross domestic product are developed and discussed.

Urinary 1H NMR Metabolomic Analysis of Prenatal Maternal Stress Due to a Natural Disaster Reveals Metabolic Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study - Heynen, Joshua P.; McHugh, Rebecca R.; Boora, Naveenjyote S.; Simcock, Gabrielle; Kildea, Sue; Austin, Marie-Paule; Laplante, David P.; King, Suzanne; Montina, Tony; Metz, Gerlinde A. S. (Metabolites, 2023)
Prenatal stress alters fetal programming, potentially predisposing the ensuing offspring to long-term adverse health outcomes. To gain insight into environmental influences on fetal development, this QF2011 study evaluated the urinary metabolomes of 4-year-old children (n = 89) who were exposed to the 2011 Queensland flood in utero. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze urinary metabolic fingerprints based on maternal levels of objective hardship and subjective distress resulting from the natural disaster. In both males and females, differences were observed between high and low levels of maternal objective hardship and maternal subjective distress groups. Greater prenatal stress exposure was associated with alterations in metabolites associated with protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. These alterations suggest profound changes in oxidative and antioxidative pathways that may indicate a higher risk for chronic non-communicable diseases such obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, as well as mental illnesses, including depression and schizophrenia. Thus, prenatal stress-associated metabolic biomarkers may provide early predictors of lifetime health trajectories, and potentially serve as prognostic markers for therapeutic strategies in mitigating adverse health outcomes.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Mai_2023

Building Structural Characterization using Mobile Terrestrial Point Cloud for Flood Risk Anticipation - Haghighatgou, Niloufar (Université Laval, 2022)

A method for automatic identification of openings in buildings facades based on mobile LiDAR point clouds for assessing impacts of floodings - Haghighatgou, Niloufar; Daniel, Sylvie; Badard, Thierry (International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2022)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Juillet_2022; Site_internet_RIISQ

Fair strategies to tackle unfair risks? Justice considerations within flood risk management - Herve, Mathilde de Goër de (International journal of disaster risk reduction, 2021)
Risk management, justice (i.e. equity, fairness), and sustainability are tightly interconnected. This literature review investigates how and why justice is considered in flood risk management. 20 scientific documents published between 2015 and 2020 are analyzed in depth. The results show a distinction between distributive and procedural justice and a complicated judgment of fairness based on different philosophies that vary depending on the country, the type of flood, and the type of strategy studied. Equity is found to be an under-discussed topic compared to its importance. Justice in flood risk management matters because (i) the impacts of floods affect different people unevenly, (ii) the interest in equity evinced by public authorities influences societal transformation, and (iii) the perception of fairness matters at both individual and collective levels. This paper analyzes the link between justice considerations and sustainability in relation to four dimensions: social, ecological, spatial, and temporal. Social and spatial issues are the most commonly studied in the literature, while ecological and temporal ones have generally been overlooked, creating a research gap. The results are discussed in terms of their diversities of justice concepts, places of investigation, and types of strategies. Various justice frameworks are used, but since none of them focus specifically on the contribution of flood risk management to sustainability through justice considerations, a flood risk justice framework is developed, which translates into theoretical and practical tools. It is based on the considerations of both humans and non-humans into different spatio-temporal scales. • Justice issues are under-discussed while they matter for flood risk management. • Diverse case studies in various places show procedural and distributive (in)justice. • There is no agreement in the literature on how to judge the fairness of a strategy. • The literature is mostly limited to social and spatial justice aspects. • Flood risk justice includes social, ecological, spatial, and temporal issues.

Evaluating the suitability of policy instruments for urban flood risk reduction - Henstra, Daniel; Thistlethwaite, Jason; Dordi, Truzaar (Local Environment, 2020)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Flood Risk Perception in the Housing Market and the Impact of a Major Flood Event - Hennighausen, Hannah; Suter, Jordan F. (Land Economics, 2020)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

An evaluation and monetary assessment of the impact of flooding on subjective well-being across genders in Vietnam - Hudson, Paul; Pham, My; Bubeck, Philip (Climate and Development, 2019)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Impacts of Flooding and Flood Preparedness on Subjective Well-Being: A Monetisation of the Tangible and Intangible Impacts - Hudson, Paul; Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Poussin, Jennifer; Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. (Journal of Happiness Studies, 2019)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Flood-induced mortality across the globe: Spatiotemporal pattern and influencing factors. - Hu, Pan; Zhang, Qiang; Shi, Peijun; Chen, Bo; Fang, Jiayi (Science of The Total Environment, 2018)
Abstract Impacts of floods on human society have been drawing increasing human concerns in recent years. In this study, flood observations from EM-DAT (Emergency Events Database) and DFO (Dartmouth Flood Observatory) datasets were analyzed to investigate frequency and intensity of floods, and flood-induced mortality, flood-affected population as well during 1975–2016 across the globe. Results indicated that: (1) occurrence rate of floods, flood-induced mortality and flood-affected population were generally increasing globally. However, flood-induced mortality and flood-affected people per flood event were in slight decrease, indicating that flood-induced mortality and flood-affected people due to increased floods exceeded those by individual flood event; (2) annual variation of mortality per flood event is highly related to floods with higher intensity. Specifically, the flood frequency and flood-induced mortality are the largest in Asia, specifically in China, India, Indonesia and Philippine; while significantly increased flood-affected population and mean annual mortality was detected in China, USA and Australia; (3) tropical cyclones (TC) are closely related to flood-induced mortality in parts of the countries along the western coast of the oceans. The frequency of channel floods in these regions is the largest and large proportion of flood-induced deaths and the highest flood-induced mortality can be attributed to TC-induced flash floods; (4) Population density and GDP per unit area are in significantly positive correlation with the number of flood-related victims per unit area, number of deaths and economic losses with exception of low-income countries. However, the flood-affected population and flood-induced mortality increase with decrease of per capita GDP; while the per capita economic loss increases with the increase of per capita GDP, indicating that the higher the population density and GDP per unit for a region, the higher sensitivity of this area to flood hazards.

Towards integrated flood management along the lower Rhine and Mississippi Rivers and the international legacy of the 2005 New Orleans Hurricanes Katrina–Rita flood disaster - Hudson, Paul F. (International Journal of River Basin Management, 2018)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Gravel-bed river floodplains are the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes - Hauer, F. Richard; Locke, Harvey; Dreitz, Victoria J.; Hebblewhite, Mark; Lowe, Winsor H.; Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Nelson, Cara R.; Proctor, Michael F.; Rood, Stewart B. (Science Advances, 2016)
Gravel-bed rivers are disproportionately important to regional biodiversity, species interactions, connectivity, and conservation. , Gravel-bed river floodplains in mountain landscapes disproportionately concentrate diverse habitats, nutrient cycling, productivity of biota, and species interactions. Although stream ecologists know that river channel and floodplain habitats used by aquatic organisms are maintained by hydrologic regimes that mobilize gravel-bed sediments, terrestrial ecologists have largely been unaware of the importance of floodplain structures and processes to the life requirements of a wide variety of species. We provide insight into gravel-bed rivers as the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes. We show why gravel-bed river floodplains are the primary arena where interactions take place among aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species from microbes to grizzly bears and provide essential connectivity as corridors for movement for both aquatic and terrestrial species. Paradoxically, gravel-bed river floodplains are also disproportionately unprotected where human developments are concentrated. Structural modifications to floodplains such as roads, railways, and housing and hydrologic-altering hydroelectric or water storage dams have severe impacts to floodplain habitat diversity and productivity, restrict local and regional connectivity, and reduce the resilience of both aquatic and terrestrial species, including adaptation to climate change. To be effective, conservation efforts in glaciated mountain landscapes intended to benefit the widest variety of organisms need a paradigm shift that has gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains as the central focus and that prioritizes the maintenance or restoration of the intact structure and processes of these critically important systems throughout their length and breadth.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Plant ecological aspects of flood geomorphology and paleoflood history - Hupp, Cliff R. (Flood Geomorphology, 1988)
A landscape is a mosaic of natural and/or artificial communities and wa-terbodies and may contain several distinct ecosystems. Human life depends on many services delivered by the water-based aquatic and land-based terrestrial ecosystems. A wide variety of aquatic ecosystems exist and alt-hough they represent a low percentage of the Earth’s surface, their roles and functions make them crucial. Aquatic ecosystems especially inland aquatic ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and home to a diverse array of species and habitats, providing numerous economic and societal benefits to humans. Understanding diversity of aquatic ecosystems within landscape is a fundamental goal of both basic and applied ecological research. This study recognizes, defines, classifies, characterizes and compares for the first time the aquatic resources vis-à-vis aquatic ecosystems in the landscape of Adilabad District, Telangana, “Deccan Region”, India, which was selected as the study area.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

LiDAR topo‐bathymetry for riverbed elevation assessment: A review of approaches and performance for hydrodynamic modelling of flood plains - Frizzle, Catherine; Trudel, Mélanie; Daniel, Sylvie; Pruneau, Antoine; Noman, Juzer (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2024)
Abstract Topo‐bathymetric LiDAR (TBL) can provide a continuous digital elevation model (DEM) for terrestrial and submerged portions of rivers. This very high horizontal spatial resolution and high vertical accuracy data can be promising for flood plain mapping using hydrodynamic models. Despite the increasing number of papers regarding the use of TBL in fluvial environments, its usefulness for flood mapping remains to be demonstrated. This review of real‐world experiments focusses on three research questions related to the relevance of TBL in hydrodynamic modelling for flood mapping at local and regional scales: (i) Is the accuracy of TBL sufficient? (ii) What environmental and technical conditions can optimise the quality of acquisition? (iii) Is it possible to predict which rivers would be good candidates for TBL acquisition? With a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.16 m, results from real‐world experiments confirm that TBL provides the required vertical accuracy for hydrodynamic modelling. Our review highlighted that environmental conditions, such as turbidity, overhanging vegetation or riverbed morphology, may prove to be limiting factors in the signal's capacity to reach the riverbed. A few avenues have been identified for considering whether TBL acquisition would be appropriate for a specific river. Thresholds should be determined using geometric or morphological criteria, such as rivers with steep slopes, steep riverbanks, and rivers too narrow or with complex morphologies, to avoid compromising the quality or the extent of the coverage. Based on this review, it appears that TBL acquisition conditions for hydrodynamic modelling for flood mapping should optimise the signal's ability to reach the riverbed. However, further research is needed to determine the percentage of coverage required for the use of TBL as a source of bathymetry in a hydrodynamic model, and whether specific river sections must be covered to ensure model performance for flood mapping.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Avril_2024

Urban flooding and the resultant pollution: What French-speaking scientists make of it? - Genouel, Maïlys; Comby, Emeline; Le Lay, Yves-François; Biron, Pascale (Anthropocene, 2024)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Septembre_2024

Long-term consequences of flooding: a case study of the 2011 Queensland floods - Fitzgerald, Gerard; Toloo Sheikhzadeh Yazd, Sam; Baniahmadi, Sara; Crompton, David; Tong, Shilu (Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 2019)
Devastating floods in southeast Queensland in 2011 were the combination of flash flooding in the Lockyer Valley with riverine flooding in the Brisbane metropolitan area. While there is considerable information about the immediate impact on those affected, there is less understanding of the long-term health effects that follow such events. This study explored the perceptions of health effects and support received by people affected by the 2011 southeast Queensland flood six years after the event. A cross-sectional survey of 327 people was conducted in areas affected by the floods. The questionnaire sought information about the ongoing social, economic, demographic and self-declared physical and mental health effects. The data were analysed through comparison of those unaffected with those directly affected by the floods. Residents whose households were flooded were more likely to score their health negatively than non-affected residents and had higher reported rates of trauma, injury and mental illness. Twenty-six per cent of this group reported that they still experience some adverse health effects from the floods. Managing the long-term health implications of a flood-affected population is an important public policy task. Dissatisfaction with recovery operations and perceived injustices associated with insurance and compensation arrangements may aggravate health consequences. Early recognition and intervention may assist with reducing secondary effects.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Flooding Related Consequences of Climate Change on Canadian Cities and Flow Regulation Infrastructure - Gaur, Ayushi; Gaur, Abhishek; Yamazaki, Dai; Simonovic, Slobodan P. (Water, 2019)
This study discusses the flooding related consequences of climate change on most populous Canadian cities and flow regulation infrastructure (FRI). The discussion is based on the aggregated results of historical and projected future flooding frequencies and flood timing as generated by Canada-wide hydrodynamic modelling in a previous study. Impact assessment on 100 most populous Canadian cities indicate that future flooding frequencies in some of the most populous cities such as Toronto and Montreal can be expected to increase from 100 (250) years to 15 (22) years by the end of the 21st century making these cities highest at risk to projected changes in flooding frequencies as a consequence of climate change. Overall 40–60% of the analyzed cities are found to be associated with future increases in flooding frequencies and associated increases in flood hazard and flood risk. The flooding related impacts of climate change on 1072 FRIs located across Canada are assessed both in terms of projected changes in future flooding frequencies and changes in flood timings. Results suggest that 40–50% of the FRIs especially those located in southern Ontario, western coastal regions, and northern regions of Canada can be expected to experience future increases in flooding frequencies. FRIs located in many of these regions are also projected to experience future changes in flood timing underlining that operating rules for those FRIs may need to be reassessed to make them resilient to changing climate.

Temporal and Spatial Amplification of Extreme Rainfall and Extreme Floods in a Warmer Climate - Faghih, Mina; Brissette, François (Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2023)
Abstract This work explores the relationship between catchment size, rainfall duration, and future streamflow increases on 133 North American catchments with sizes ranging from 66.5 to 9886 km2. It uses the outputs from a high spatial (0.11°) and temporal (1-h) resolution single model initial-condition large ensemble (SMILE) and a hydrological model to compute extreme rainfall and streamflow for durations ranging from 1 to 72 h and for return periods of between 2 and 300 years. Increases in extreme precipitation are observed across all durations and return periods. The projected increases are strongly related to duration, frequency, and catchment size, with the shortest durations, longest return periods, and smaller catchments witnessing the largest relative rainfall increases. These increases can be quite significant, with the 100-yr rainfall becoming up to 20 times more frequent over the smaller catchments. A similar duration–frequency–size pattern of increases is also observed for future extreme streamflow, but with even larger relative increases. These results imply that future increases in extreme rainfall will disproportionately impact smaller catchments, and particularly so for impervious urban catchments which are typically small, and whose stormwater drainage infrastructures are designed for long-return-period flows, both being conditions for which the amplification of future flow will be maximized.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Septembre_2023

Flood Hazard Risk Mapping Using a Pseudo Supervised Random Forest - Esfandiari, Morteza; Abdi, Ghasem; Jabari, Shabnam; McGrath, Heather; Coleman, David (Remote Sensing, 2020)
Devastating floods occur regularly around the world. Recently, machine learning models have been used for flood susceptibility mapping. However, even when these algorithms are provided with adequate ground truth training samples, they can fail to predict flood extends reliably. On the other hand, the height above nearest drainage (HAND) model can produce flood prediction maps with limited accuracy. The objective of this research is to produce an accurate and dynamic flood modeling technique to produce flood maps as a function of water level by combining the HAND model and machine learning. In this paper, the HAND model was utilized to generate a preliminary flood map; then, the predictions of the HAND model were used to produce pseudo training samples for a R.F. model. To improve the R.F. training stage, five of the most effective flood mapping conditioning factors are used, namely, Altitude, Slope, Aspect, Distance from River and Land use/cover map. In this approach, the R.F. model is trained to dynamically estimate the flood extent with the pseudo training points acquired from the HAND model. However, due to the limited accuracy of the HAND model, a random sample consensus (RANSAC) method was used to detect outliers. The accuracy of the proposed model for flood extent prediction, was tested on different flood events in the city of Fredericton, NB, Canada in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019. Furthermore, to ensure that the proposed model can produce accurate flood maps in other areas as well, it was also tested on the 2019 flood in Gatineau, QC, Canada. Accuracy assessment metrics, such as overall accuracy, Cohen’s kappa coefficient, Matthews correlation coefficient, true positive rate (TPR), true negative rate (TNR), false positive rate (FPR) and false negative rate (FNR), were used to compare the predicted flood extent of the study areas, to the extent estimated by the HAND model and the extent imaged by Sentinel-2 and Landsat satellites. The results confirm that the proposed model can improve the flood extent prediction of the HAND model without using any ground truth training data.

Superstorm Sandy and the Demographics of Flood Risk in New York City - Faber, Jacob William (Human Ecology, 2015)

Does development reduce fatalities from natural disasters? New evidence for floods - Ferreira, Susana; Hamilton, Kirk; Vincent, Jeffrey R. (Environment and Development Economics, 2013)
We analyze the impact of development on flood fatalities using a new data set of 2,171 large floods in 92 countries between 1985 and 2008. Our results challenge the conventional wisdom that development results in fewer fatalities during natural disasters. Results indicating that higher income and better governance reduce fatalities during flood events do not hold up when unobserved country heterogeneity and within-country correlation of standard errors are taken into account. We find that income does have a significant, indirect effect on flood fatalities by affecting flood frequency and flood magnitude, but this effect is nonmonotonic, with net reductions in fatalities occurring only in lower income countries. We find little evidence that improved governance affects flood fatalities either directly or indirectly.

Establishing perennial strips in a cultivated floodplain for habitat restoration: monitoring over 4 years and success drivers - Damar, Hada; Vaillancourt, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Bérenger; Poulin, Monique (Restoration Ecology, 2024)
Floodplains, one of the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems, are under threat from intensive crop production. Implementing perennial strips alongside agricultural ditches and streams could reduce negative impacts of intensive agriculture and restore wildlife habitats in cultivated floodplains. To successfully set up perennial strips, it is important to understand the parameters that drive their establishment. Here we assessed the establishment success of reed canarygrass (RCG; Phalaris arundinacea ) strips in the lake Saint Pierre (LSP) floodplain, Québec, Canada by monitoring RCG biomass and vegetation height over 4 years and identify the factors driving its establishment. A total of 26 RCG strips across six municipalities of LSP were monitored. Biomass and vegetation height of RCG increased over time to reach an average of 5048 kg/ha in year 4 and 104 cm in year 3 in established strips. The RCG established successfully in 62% of surveyed plots and three environmental parameters explained 61% of this success. Establishment of RCG was most successful when a first rain came right after seeding (<3 days). High clay content and low elevation were associated with establishment failures. Overall, our results highlight the ability of RCG strips to restore dense perennial vegetation cover in cultivated floodplain, thereby providing suitable habitat for fish spawning during spring floods. This study provides significant insight into the drivers of establishment of perennial grass strips in highly constrained cultivated areas such as floodplains.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Novembre_2024

A Remote Sensing View of the 2020 Extreme Lake-Expansion Flood Event into the Peace–Athabasca Delta Floodplain—Implications for the Future SWOT Mission - Desrochers, Nicolas M.; Peters, Daniel L.; Siles, Gabriela; Cauvier Charest, Elizabeth; Trudel, Mélanie; Leconte, Robert (Remote Sensing, 2023)
The Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD) in western Canada is one of the largest inland deltas in the world. Flooding caused by the expansion of lakes beyond normal shorelines occurred during the summer of 2020 and provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the capabilities of remote sensing platforms to map surface water expansion into vegetated landscape with complex surface connectivity. Firstly, multi-source remotely sensed data via satellites were used to create a temporal reconstruction of the event spanning May to September. Optical synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and altimeter data were used to reconstruct surface water area and elevation as seen from space. Lastly, temporal water surface area and level data obtained from the existing satellites and hydrometric stations were used as input data in the CNES Large-Scale SWOT Simulator, which provided an overview of the newly launched SWOT satellite ability to monitor such flood events. The results show a 25% smaller water surface area for optical instruments compared to SAR. Simulations show that SWOT would have greatly increased the spatio-temporal understanding of the flood dynamics with complete PAD coverage three to four times per month. Overall, seasonal vegetation growth was a major obstacle for water surface area retrieval, especially for optical sensors.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Avril_2023

Evaluating the Impact of Floods on Housing Price Using a Spatial Matching Difference-In-Differences (SM-DID) Approach - Dubé, Jean; AbdelHalim, Maha; Devaux, Nicolas (2021)
Many applications have relied on the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to measure the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban externalities and natural disasters. The classic HPM regresses housing price on a complete list of attributes/characteristics that include spatial or environmental amenities (or disamenities), such as floods, to retrieve the gradients of the market (marginal) WTP for such externalities. The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative methodological framework that extends the causal relations based on a spatial matching difference-in-differences (SM-DID) estimator, and which attempts to calculate the difference between sale price for similar goods within “treated” and “control” groups. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed spatial matching method, the researchers present an empirical investigation based on the case of a flood event recorded in the city of Laval (Québec, Canada) in 1998, using information on transactions occurring between 1995 and 2001. The research results show that the impact of flooding brings a negative premium on the housing price of about 20,000$ Canadian (CAN).
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Quantifying flood events in Bangladesh with a daily-step flood monitoring index based on the concept of daily effective precipitation - Deo, Ravinesh C.; Adamowski, Jan F.; Begum, Khaleda; Salcedo-Sanz, Sancho; Kim, Do-Woo; Dayal, Kavina S.; Byun, Hi-Ryong (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2019)

A real-time hourly water index for flood risk monitoring: Pilot studies in Brisbane, Australia, and Dobong Observatory, South Korea - Deo, Ravinesh C.; Byun, Hi-Ryong; Kim, Ga-Byn; Adamowski, Jan F. (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018)

Development of an approach based on historical Landsat data for delineating Canadian flood zones at different return periods - Chokmani, Karem; Zidi, Haythem; El Alem, Anas; Gill-Fortin, Jasmin (2024)
The study addresses the need for flood risk anticipation and planning, through the development of a flood zone mapping approach for different return periods, in order to best prevent and protect populations. Today, traditional methods are too costly, too slow or require too many requirements to be applied over large areas. As part of a project funded by the Canadian Space Agency, Geosapiens and the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique set themselves the goal of designing an automatic process to generate water presence maps for different return periods at a resolution of 30 m, based on the historical database of Landsat missions from 1982 to the present day. This involved the design, implementation and training of a deep learning algorithm model based on the U-Net architecture for the detection of water pixels in Landsat imagery. The resulting maps were used as the basis for applying a frequency analysis model to fit a probability of occurrence function for the presence of water at each pixel. The frequency analysis data were then used to obtain maps of water occurrence at different return preiods such as 2, 5 and 20 years.

Impacts of climate warming on global floods and their implication to current flood defense standards - Chen, Jie; Shi, Xinyan; Gu, Lei; Wu, Guiyang; Su, Tianhua; Wang, Hui-Min; Kim, Jong-Suk; Zhang, Liping; Xiong, Lihua (Journal of Hydrology, 2023)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Avril_2024

Using remote sensing to assess how intensive agriculture impacts the turbidity of a fluvial lake floodplain - Clermont, Maxime; Kinnard, Christophe; Dubé-Richard, Daphney; Campeau, Stéphane; Bordeleau, Pierre-André; de Grandpré, Arthur; Ziyad, Jawad; Roy, Alexandre (Journal of Great Lakes Research, 2023)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2024; Kinnard_Christophe

The normative dimensions of flood risk management: Two types of flood harm - Chan, Jeffrey Kok Hui; Liao, Kuei-Hsien (Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022)
The normative dimensions of flood harm in flood risk management (FRM) have become salient in a milieu of extreme flood events. In this article, two types of flood harm will be discussed. They are namely, risk harm and outcome harm. Whilst risk harm suggests that risk imposition by structural FRM measures is a type of harm that can increase vulnerability and diminish well-being, outcome harm is manifested in deliberate flooding used to protect certain privileged communities at the expense of harming other less privileged ones. Risk-imposing parties are required to seek consent for imposing new risks. In contrast, outcome harm as deliberate flooding is far more pernicious and should only be exercised in extreme situations with ample provisions for restitution and recovery. The aim of this article is to foreground and examine these under-explored notions of flood harm in the FRM discourse and in tandem, to expand the normative dimensions of FRM in a milieu where difficult ethical choices abound.

Is it the flood, or the disclosure? An inquiry to the impact of flood risk on residential housing prices - Chiang Hsieh, Lin-Han (Land Use Policy, 2021)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

An assessment of large‐scale flood modelling based on LiDAR data - Choné, Guénolé; Biron, Pascale M.; Buffin‐Bélanger, Thomas; Mazgareanu, Iulia; Neal, Jeff C.; Sampson, Christopher C. (Hydrological Processes, 2021)
Abstract Large‐scale flood modelling approaches designed for regional to continental scales usually rely on relatively simple assumptions to represent the potentially highly complex river bathymetry at the watershed scale based on digital elevation models (DEMs) with a resolution in the range of 25–30 m. Here, high‐resolution (1 m) LiDAR DEMs are employed to present a novel large‐scale methodology using a more realistic estimation of bathymetry based on hydrogeomorphological GIS tools to extract water surface slope. The large‐scale 1D/2D flood model LISFLOOD‐FP is applied to validate the simulated flood levels using detailed water level data in four different watersheds in Quebec (Canada), including continuous profiles over extensive distances measured with the HydroBall technology. A GIS‐automated procedure allows to obtain the average width required to run LISFLOOD‐FP. The GIS‐automated procedure to estimate bathymetry from LiDAR water surface data uses a hydraulic inverse problem based on discharge at the time of acquisition of LiDAR data. A tiling approach, allowing several small independent hydraulic simulations to cover an entire watershed, greatly improves processing time to simulate large watersheds with a 10‐m resampled LiDAR DEM. Results show significant improvements to large‐scale flood modelling at the watershed scale with standard deviation in the range of 0.30 m and an average fit of around 90%. The main advantage of the proposed approach is to avoid the need to collect expensive bathymetry data to efficiently and accurately simulate flood levels over extensive areas.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1; Site_internet_RIISQ

Up to 10% of Homes Could Now Be ‘Uninsurable’ Because of Flood Risk. Yours May Be One of Them - D’Souza, Steven; McDonald, Jeremy; Cowly, Jenna (CBC News, 2021)

Coping During Pregnancy Following Exposure to a Natural Disaster: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study - Chen, T.; Laplante, D.P.; Elgbeili, G.; Brunet, A.; Simcock, G.; Kildea, S.; King, S. (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020)
Keywords: Brunet_Alain

Efficient or Fair? Operationalizing Ethical Principles in Flood Risk Management: A Case Study on the Dutch‐German Rhine - Ciullo, Alessio; Kwakkel, Jan H.; De Bruijn, Karin M.; Doorn, Neelke; Klijn, Frans (Risk Analysis, 2020)
Abstract Flood risk management decisions in many countries are based on decision‐support frameworks which rely on cost‐benefit analyses. Such frameworks are seldom informative about the geographical distribution of risk, raising questions on the fairness of the proposed policies. In the present work, we propose a new decision criterion that accounts for the distribution of risk reduction and apply it to support flood risk management decisions on a transboundary stretch of the Rhine River. Three types of interventions are considered: embankment heightening, making Room for the River, and changing the discharge distribution of the river branches. The analysis involves solving a flood risk management problem according to four alternative formulations, based on different ethical principles. Formulations based on cost optimization lead to very poor performances in some areas for the sake of reducing the overall aggregated costs. Formulations that also include equity criteria have different results depending on how these are defined. When risk reduction is distributed equally, very poor economic performance is achieved. When risk is distributed equally, results are in line with formulations based on cost optimization, while a fairer risk distribution is achieved. Risk reduction measures also differ, with the cost optimization approach strongly favoring the leverage of changing the discharge distribution and the alternative formulations spending more on embankment heightening and Room for the River, to rebalance inequalities in risk levels. The proposed method advances risk‐based decision‐making by allowing to consider risk distribution aspects and their impacts on the choice of risk reduction measures.

An ensemble prediction of flood susceptibility using multivariate discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees, and support vector machines - Choubin, Bahram; Moradi, Ehsan; Golshan, Mohammad; Adamowski, Jan; Sajedi-Hosseini, Farzaneh; Mosavi, Amir (Science of The Total Environment, 2019)

Environmental injustice and flood risk: a conceptual model and case comparison of metropolitan Miami and Houston, USA - Collins, Timothy W.; Grineski, Sara E.; Chakraborty, Jayajit (Regional Environmental Change, 2018)

Probable maximum flood in a changing climate: An overview for Canadian basins - Clavet-Gaumont, Jacinthe; Huard, David; Frigon, Anne; Koenig, Kristina A.; Slota, Phillip; Rousseau, Alain N.; Klein, Iris Maria; Thiémonge, Nathalie; Houdré, Fanny; Perdikaris, John; Turcotte, Richard; Lafleur, Julie; et al. (Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2017)
Abstract Study Region: In Canada, dams which represent a high risk to human loss of life, along with important environmental and financial losses in case of failure, have to accommodate the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). Five Canadian basins with different physiographic characteristics and geographic locations, and where the PMF is a relevant metric have been selected: Nelson, Mattagami, Kenogami, Saguenay and Manic-5. Study Focus: One of the main drivers of the PMF is the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Traditionally, the computation of the PMP relies on moisture maximization of high efficiency observed storms without consideration for climate change. The current study attempts to develop a novel approach based on traditional methods to take into account the non-stationarity of the climate using an ensemble of 14 regional climate model (RCM) simulations. PMPs, the 100-year snowpack and resulting PMF changes were computed between the 1971-2000 and 2041-2070 periods. New Hydrological Insights for the Region: The study reveals an overall increase in future spring PMP with the exception of the most northern basin Nelson. It showed a projected increase of the 100-year snowpack for the two northernmost basins, Nelson (8%) and Manic-5 (3%), and a decrease for the three more southern basins, Mattagami (-1%), Saguenay (-5%) and Kenogami (-9%). The future spring PMF is projected to increase with median values between -1.5% and 20%.
Keywords: Rousseau_Alain

Flood-Ring Formation and Root Development in Response to Experimental Flooding of Young Quercus robur Trees - Copini, Paul; Ouden, Jan den; Robert, Elisabeth M. R.; Tardif, Jacques C.; Loesberg, Walter A.; Goudzwaard, L.; Sass-Klaassen, Ute (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016)
Spring flooding in riparian forests can cause significant reductions in earlywood-vessel size in submerged stem parts of ring-porous tree species, leading to the presence of ‘flood rings’ that can be used as a proxy to reconstruct past flooding events, potentially over millennia. The mechanism of flood-ring formation and the relation with timing and duration of flooding are still to be elucidated. In this study, we experimentally flooded four-year-old Quercus robur trees at three spring phenophases (late bud dormancy, budswell and internode expansion) and over different flooding durations (two, four and six weeks) to a stem height of 50 cm. The effect of flooding on root and vessel development was assessed immediately after the flooding treatment and at the end of the growing season. Ring width and earlywood-vessel size and density were measured at 25- and 75-cm stem height and collapsed vessels were recorded. Stem flooding inhibited earlywood-vessel development in flooded stem parts. In addition, flooding upon budswell and internode expansion led to collapsed earlywood vessels below the water level. At the end of the growing season, mean earlywood-vessel size in the flooded stem parts (upon budswell and internode expansion) was always reduced by approximately 50% compared to non-flooded stem parts and 55% compared to control trees. This reduction was already present two weeks after flooding and occurred independent of flooding duration. Stem and root flooding were associated with significant root dieback after four and six weeks and mean radial growth was always reduced with increasing flooding duration. By comparing stem and root flooding, we conclude that flood rings only occur after stem flooding. As earlywood-vessel development was hampered during flooding, a considerable number of narrow earlywood vessels present later in the season, must have been formed after the actual flooding events. Our study indicates that root dieback, together with strongly reduced hydraulic conductivity due to anomalously narrow earlywood vessels in flooded stem parts, contribute to reduced radial growth after flooding events. Our findings support the value of flood rings to reconstruct spring flooding events that occurred prior to instrumental flood records.

Physiographical space‐based kriging for regional flood frequency estimation at ungauged sites - Chokmani, K.; Ouarda, T. B. M. J. (Water Resources Research, 2004)
A physiographical space‐based kriging method is proposed for regional flood frequency estimation. The methodology relies on the construction of a continuous physiographical space using physiographical and meteorological characteristics of gauging stations and the use of multivariate analysis techniques. Two multivariate analysis methods were tested: canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and principal components analysis. Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical technique, was then used to interpolate flow quantiles through the physiographical space. Data from 151 gauging stations across the southern part of the province of Quebec, Canada, were used to illustrate this approach. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, two validation techniques, cross validation and split‐sample validation, were applied to estimate flood quantiles corresponding to the 10, 50, and 100 year return periods. Results of the proposed method were compared to those produced by a traditional regional estimation method using the canonical correlation analysis. The proposed method yielded satisfactory results. It allowed, for instance, for estimating the 10 year return period specific flow with a coefficient of determination of up to 0.78. However, this performance decreases with the increase in the quantile return period. Results also showed that the proposed method works better when the physiographical space is defined using canonical correlation analysis. It is shown that kriging in the CCA physiographical space yields results as precise as the traditional estimation method, with a fraction of the effort and the computation time.

Uncertainty sources in flood projections over contrasting hydrometeorological regimes - Castaneda-Gonzalez, Mariana; Poulin, Annie; Romero-Lopez, Rabindranarth; Turcotte, Richard; Chaumont, Diane (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2022)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2023

Exploring the Environmental Justice Implications of Hurricane Harvey Flooding in Greater Houston, Texas. - Chakraborty, Jayajit; Collins, Timothy W.; Grineski, Sara E. (American Journal of Public Health, 2019)
Objectives. To assess the environmental justice implications of flooding from Hurricane Harvey in Greater Houston, Texas, we analyzed whether the areal extent of flooding was distributed inequitably with respect to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, after controlling for relevant explanatory factors.Methods. Our study integrated cartographic information from Harvey’s Inundation Footprint, developed by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency, with sociodemographic data from the 2012–2016 American Community Survey. Statistical analyses were based on bivariate correlations and multivariate generalized estimating equations.Results. The areal extent of Harvey-induced flooding was significantly greater in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of non-Hispanic Black and socioeconomically deprived residents after we controlled for contextual factors and clustering.Conclusions. Results provide evidence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic injustices in the distribution of flooding and represent an importa...

Monitoring Water Turbidity in a Temperate Floodplain Using UAV: Potential and Challenges - Bussières, Savannah; Kinnard, Christophe; Clermont, Maxime; Campeau, Stéphane; Dubé-Richard, Daphney; Bordeleau, Pierre-André; Roy, Alexandre (Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2022)
Keywords: Kinnard_Christophe

Gridded flood depth estimates from satellite-derived inundations - Bryant, Seth; McGrath, Heather; Boudreault, Mathieu (Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2022)
Abstract. Canada's RADARSAT missions improve the potential to study past flood events; however, existing tools to derive flood depths from this remote-sensing data do not correct for errors, leading to poor estimates. To provide more accurate gridded depth estimates of historical flooding, a new tool is proposed that integrates Height Above Nearest Drainage and Cost Allocation algorithms. This tool is tested against two trusted, hydraulically derived, gridded depths of recent floods in Canada. This validation shows the proposed tool outperforms existing tools and can provide more accurate estimates from minimal data without the need for complex physics-based models or expert judgement. With improvements in remote-sensing data, the tool proposed here can provide flood researchers and emergency managers accurate depths in near-real time.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Juillet_2022; Site_internet_RIISQ

Ratemaking territories and adverse selection for flood insurance - Boudreault, Mathieu; Ojeda, Angelica (Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 2022)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Novembre_2022

It’s gone’: Shackan chief says floods have swept away First Nation’s land, home - Brend, Yvette (CBC News, 2021)

Pricing Flood Insurance with a Hierarchical Physics-Based Model - Boudreault, Mathieu; Grenier, Patrick; Pigeon, Mathieu; Potvin, Jean-Mathieu; Turcotte, Richard (North American Actuarial Journal, 2020)
Floods account for a large part of global economic losses from natural disasters. As a result, the private insurance sector is increasingly participating in the financial risk sharing, thus expanding the role of actuaries to flood risk management. In this article, we investigate pricing and spatial segmentation of flood risk in the context of private insurance, meaning that individual risk assessment should minimize adverse selection. As such, we design a hierarchical flood risk model that allows an assessment at the individual level. Our model relies on a chain of physics-based climate, hydrological, and hydraulics modules combined with civil engineering methods to map the distribution of individual flood losses at high resolution. Building on such approach, we design pricing and segmentation methods tailored for flood risk management. We then apply the methods to study flood risk in a small city in the province of Quebec. We calculate premiums, analyze the impacts of risk sharing, set pricing territories consistent with the spatial flood risk, and finally, quantify the impact of greenhouse gas emission scenarios on individual and aggregate losses, premiums, and tail risk measures.
Keywords: Site_internet_RIISQ

Changes in cold region flood regimes inferred from long-record reference gauging stations - Burn, Donald H.; Whitfield, Paul H. (Water Resources Research, 2017)
Variability and nonstationarity in flood regimes of cold regions are examined using data from hydrometric reference streamflow gauging stations from 27 natural watersheds in Canada and adjacent areas of the United States. Choosing stations from reference networks with nearly 100 years of data allows for the investigation of changes that span several phases of some of the atmospheric drivers that may influence flood behavior. The reference hydrologic networks include only stations considered to have good quality data and were screened to avoid the influences of regulation, diversions, or land use change. Changes and variations in flood regimes are complex and require a multifaceted approach to properly characterize the types of changes that have occurred and are likely to occur in the future. Peaks over threshold (POT) data are extracted from daily flow data for each watershed, and changes to the magnitude, timing, frequency, volume, and duration of threshold exceedences are investigated. Seasonal statistics are used to explore changes in the nature of the flood regime based on changes in the timing of flood threshold exceedences. A variety of measures are developed to infer flood regime shifts including from a nival regime to a mixed regime and a mixed regime to a more pluvial-dominated regime. The flood regime at many of the watersheds demonstrates increased prominence of rainfall floods and decreased prevalence of snowmelt contributions to flood responses. While some individual stations show a relationship between flood variables and climate indices, these relationships are generally weak.

Dynamics of groundwater floodwaves and groundwater flood events in an alluvial aquifer - Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas; Cloutier, Claude-André; Tremblay, Catherine; Chaillou, Gwénaëlle; Larocque, Marie (2016)
In gravelly floodplains, streamflood events induce groundwater floodwaves that propagate through the alluvial aquifer. Understanding groundwater floodwave dynamics can contribute to groundwater ﬂood risk management. This study documents groundwater floodwaves on a flood event basis to fully assess environmental factors that control their propagation velocity, their amplitude and their extension in the floodplain, and examines the expression of groundwater flooding in the Matane River floodplain (Quebec, Canada). An array of 15 piezometers equipped with automated level sensors and a river stage gauge monitoring at 15-minute intervals from September 2011 to September 2014 were installed within a 0.04-km2 area of the floodplain. Cross-correlation analyses were performed between piezometric and river-level time series for 54 flood events. The results reveal that groundwater floodwave propagation occurs at all flood magnitudes. The smaller floods produced a clear groundwater floodwave through the floodplain, while the largest floods affected local groundwater flow orientation by generating an inversion of the hydraulic gradient. Propagation velocities ranging from 8 to 13 m/h, which are two to three orders of magnitude higher than groundwater velocity, were documented while the induced pulse propagated across the floodplain to more than 230 m from the channel. Propagation velocity and amplitude attenuation of the groundwater floodwaves depend both on flood event characteristics and the aquifer characteristics. Groundwater flooding events are documented at discharge below bankfull (< 0.5 Qbf). This study highlights the role of flood event hydrographs and environmental variables on groundwater floodwave properties and the complex relationship between flood event discharge and groundwater flooding. The role that groundwater floodwaves play in flood mapping and the ability of analytical solutions to reproduce them are also discussed.

Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes - Brenden Jongman; Jongman, Brenden; Philip J. Ward; Ward, Philip B.; Philip J. Ward; Ward, Philip J.; Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts; Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. (Global Environmental Change-human and Policy Dimensions, 2012)

Impacts of Ship-Induced Waves along Shorelines during Flooding Events - Bluteau, Cynthia E.; Van Rooijen, Arnold; Matte, Pascal; Dumont, Dany (Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 2023)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Octobre_2023

Public-private flood management: Who should pay and when? - Bouchard St-Amant, Pier-André; Tchokouagueu, Franck Aurelien; Dumais, Guillaume (Heliyon, 2023)

Urban Flood Detection Using TerraSAR-X and SAR Simulated Reflectivity Maps - Baghermanesh, Shadi Sadat; Jabari, Shabnam; McGrath, Heather (Remote Sensing, 2022)
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery is a vital tool for flood mapping due to its capability to acquire images day and night in almost any weather and to penetrate through cloud cover. In rural areas, SAR backscatter intensity can be used to detect flooded areas accurately; however, the complexity of urban structures makes flood mapping in urban areas a challenging task. In this study, we examine the synergistic use of SAR simulated reflectivity maps and Polarimetric and Interferometric SAR (PolInSAR) features in the improvement of flood mapping in urban environments. We propose a machine learning model employing simulated and PolInSAR features derived from TerraSAR-X images along with five auxiliary features, namely elevation, slope, aspect, distance from the river, and land-use/land-cover that are well-known to contribute to flood mapping. A total of 2450 data points have been used to build and evaluate the model over four different areas with different vegetation and urban density. The results indicated that by using PolInSAR and SAR simulated reflectivity maps together with five auxiliary features, a classification overall accuracy of 93.1% in urban areas was obtained, representing a 9.6% improvement over using the five auxiliary features alone.

Uneven burden of urban flooding - Bates, Paul D. (Nature sustainability, 2022)
Modelling techniques now allow flood risk to be mapped down to street or even building level in a study showing that floods disproportionately affect disadvantaged communities and particular ethnic groups.

Comparative analysis of local and large-scale approaches to floodplain mapping: a case study of the Chaudière River - Bessar, M. A.; Choné, G.; Lavoie, A.; Buffin-Bélanger, T.; Biron, P. M.; Matte, P.; Anctil, F. (Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2021)
Floods are among natural disasters that increasingly threaten society, especially with current and future climate change trends. Several tools have been developed to help planners manage the risks associated to flooding, including the mapping of flood-prone areas, but one of the major challenges is still the availability of detailed data, particularly bathymetry. This manuscript compares two modeling approaches to produce flood maps. An innovative large-scale approach that, without bathymetric data, estimates by inverse modeling the bed section for a given flow and a given roughness coefficient through 1 D/2D hydraulic modeling (LISFLOOD-FP). And a local approach, with a detailed coupled 1 D/2D hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) that uses all available information at the bed and floodplain (LiDAR and bathymetry). Both implementations revealed good performance values for flood peak levels as well as excellent fit indices in describing the areal extent of flooding. As expected, the local approach is more accurate, but the results of the large-scale approach are very promising especially for areas lacking bathymetric data and for large-scale governmental programs.

Regionalizing Flood Magnitudes using Landscape Structural Patterns of Catchments - Amiri, Bahman Jabbarian; Junfeng, Gao; Fohrer, Nicola; Mueller, Felix; Adamowski, Jan (Water Resources Management, 2018)

Is Flood Risk Capitalised Into Property Values? - Beltrán, Allan; Maddison, David; Elliott, Robert J. R. (Ecological Economics, 2018)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

The 2011 flood event in the Assiniboine River Basin: causes, assessment and damages - Blais, Eric-Lorne; Greshuk, Jeremy; Stadnyk, Tricia (Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2016)

At what scales do climate variability and land cover change impact on flooding and low flows? - Blöschl, Günter; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Bonell, Mike; Dorninger, Manfred; Goodrich, David; Gutknecht, Dieter; Matamoros, David; Merz, Bruno; Shand, Paul; Szolgay, Jan (Hydrological Processes, 2007)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Geomorphological understanding of floods - Baker, Victor R (Geomorphology, 1994)
The summer 1993 flooding of the upper Mississippi River valley reminds us that floods are the most globally pervasive, environmentally diverse and continually destructive of all natural hazards. The fact that flood damages continue to rise raises commonsense questions about conventional flood science. Like much modern environmental science, conventional flood science has followed the model of theoretical physics. It advanced from early emphasis on streamflow measurement to the use of simple formulae, and finally to the abstract theoretical sophistication of modern modeling studies. Two approaches are now used to “predict” flood phenomena: (1) beginning with the conventional database of measured properties of small common floods, a conceptual generalization is made to the idealized properties of the large, rare floods from which society is assumed to be at risk, and (2) explanation of detailed, specific flood phenomena is achieved through theoretical generalization (models) based on “first principles”, which are assumed to apply to the entire class of phenomena. Unfortunately, both approaches devote almost all their attention to methodology, increasingly mathematical, without questioning basic underlying assumptions. Increasingly it is the assumptions, often unstated, that serve to embody the understanding of floods as real-world particular phenomena, rather than as conceptual generalities. Such trends lead to an unease that it is not floods that are being researched by much of conventional flood science. Rather, such flood “science” is increasingly becoming the mathematical manipulation of idealized parameters that are assumed to have flood-like properties. These idealizations of flood attributes are generalized, and the resulting predicted consequences are imposed upon society through engineering designs, flood-hazard zonations, and the like. Geomorphological understanding of floods derives a from along geological tradition of studying indices of real processes operating in the past. In contrast to the conceptual, theoretical treatment of floods as classes or generalizations, geomorphologists study particular floods revealed as a natural experience that is recorded in the sediments, landforms, and erosional scars of past floods. The strength of this approach is in its affinity to the commonsense perceptional basis that underpins human action. Geomorphological flood studies, including recent advances in paleoflood hydrology, are needed as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The resulting complementarity will allow the predictions of the conventional approach to be grounded in the concrete particulars of experience. Without such grounding, flood science risks continuing as an empty quest for universal ideals while humanity, paralyzed by inaction, continues to suffer from the reality of particular floods.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Elemental analysis of hair provides biomarkers of maternal hardship linked to adverse behavioural outcomes in 4-year-old children: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study - Ambeskovic, Mirela; Laplante, David P.; Kenney, Thomas; Elgbeili, Guillaume; Beaumier, Pierre; Azat, Nagy; Simcock, Gabrielle; Kildea, Sue; King, Suzanne; Metz, Gerlinde A. S. (Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2022)
Background Exposure to adverse experiences during pregnancy, such as a natural disaster, can modify development of the child with potential long-term consequences. Elemental hair analysis may provide useful indicators of cellular homeostasis and child health. The present study investigated (1) if flood-induced prenatal maternal stress is associated with altered hair elemental profiles in 4-year-old children, and (2) if hair elemental profiles are associated with behavioural outcomes in children. Methods Participants were 75 children (39 boys; 36 girls) whose mothers were exposed to varying levels of stress due to a natural disaster (2011 Queensland Flood, Australia) during pregnancy. At 4 years of age, language development, attention and internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed and scalp hair was collected. Hair was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 28 chemical elements. Results A significant curvilinear association was found between maternal objective hardship and copper levels in boys, as low and high maternal objective hardship levels were associated with the highest hair copper levels. Mediation analysis revealed that low levels of maternal objective hardship and high levels of copper were associated with lower vocabulary scores. Higher levels of maternal objective hardship were associated with higher magnesium levels, which in turn were associated with attention problems and aggression in boys. In girls, high and low maternal objective hardship levels were associated with high calcium/potassium ratios. Conclusion Elemental hair analysis may provide a sensitive biomonitoring tool for early identification of health risks in vulnerable children.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Octobre_2022

A surge in the cost of flood insurance could make housing unaffordable for many - Allen, Greg (NPR, 2021)

Change point detection of flood events using a functional data framework - Alaya, Mohamed Ben; Ternynck, Camille; Dabo-Niang, Sophie; Chebana, Fateh; Ouarda, Taha B. M. J. (Advances in Water Resources, 2020)
Abstract Change point detection methods have an important role in many hydrological and hydraulic studies of river basins. These methods are very useful to characterize changes in hydrological regimes and can, therefore, lead to better understanding changes in extreme flows behavior. Flood events are generally characterized by a finite number of characteristics that may not include the entire information available in a discharge time series. The aim of the current work is to present a new approach to detect changes in flood events based on a functional data analysis framework. The use of the functional approach allows taking into account the whole information contained in the discharge time series of flood events. The presented methodology is illustrated on a flood analysis case study, from the province of Quebec, Canada. Obtained results using the proposed approach are consistent with those obtained using a traditional change point method, and demonstrate the capability of the functional framework to simultaneously consider several flood features and, therefore, presenting a comprehensive way for a better exploitation of the information contained in a discharge time series.

A data-driven analysis of flash flood hazard, fatalities, and damages over the CONUS during 1996–2017 - Ahmadalipour, Ali; Moradkhani, Hamid (Journal of Hydrology, 2019)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

System dynamics and hydrodynamic modelling approaches for spatial and temporal analysis of flood risk - Ahmad, Shohan S.; Simonovic, Slobodan P. (International Journal of River Basin Management, 2015)
ABSTRACTTwo modelling approaches are presented in this article for spatial and temporal analysis of water resources risk. Major sources of uncertainty in water resources management are spatial and temporal variability. Spatial variability occurs when values fluctuate with the location of an area and temporal variability occurs when values fluctuate with time. System dynamics (SD) simulation and hydrodynamic modelling are presented in this article as tools for modelling the dynamic characteristics of flood risk and its spatial variability. The first modelling framework presents SD simulation coupled with 3D fuzzy set theory. Whereas the second modelling framework presents hydrodynamic modelling coupled with 3D fuzzy set theory. The two integrated modelling frameworks are illustrated and compared using the Red River flood of 1997 (Manitoba, Canada) as a case study. For the 1997 Red River case study, SD simulation proved to be efficient modelling approach for capturing the feedback-based dynamic processes oc...

La mortalité liée aux inondations en région méditerranéenne française (1980–2020) - Vinet, Freddy; Cherel, Jean-Philippe; Weiss, Karine; Lewandowski, Margaux; Boissier, Laurent (LHB, 2022)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Octobre_2022

Sensibilisation au risque d’inondation par une séquence d’enseignement en probabilités - Thibault, Mathieu (2024)
Je fais partie d’une équipe interdisciplinaire d’un projet de recherche subventionné qui vise à sensibiliser les élèves du premier cycle du secondaire (12-14 ans) au risque d’inondation. Avec une didacticienne de la géographie, deux personnes didacticiennes des sciences et technologie et deux spécialistes de l’hydrologie et de l’hydraulique, nous avons fait ressortir des points d’ancrage à prendre en compte pour concevoir une séquence didactique interdisciplinaire (en mathématiques, sciences et technologie, univers social) sur ce sujet. Ce projet s’inscrit dans une approche de recherche- développement (Bergeron et Rousseau, 2021), ayant une double finalité de développement (concevoir un produit en réponse aux besoins du milieu de pratique) et de recherche (contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances scientifiques). Cet article présente : 1. Des informations sur les inondations ainsi que les concepts associés (aléa, exposition, vulnérabilité et risque) ; 2. Une analyse des programmes de formation de l’école québécoise (PFEQ) en mathématiques au secondaire (Gouvernement du Québec, 2006, 2016a) et de la progression des apprentissages (PDA) au primaire (Gouvernement du Québec, 2009) et au secondaire (Gouvernement du Québec, 2016b) au sujet du risque d’inondation ; 3. Les grandes lignes d’une séquence d’enseignement en probabilités visant à sensibiliser les élèves du premier cycle du secondaire au risque d’inondation.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Mai_2024; Site_internet_RIISQ

Plan de protection du territoire face aux inondations - Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l’Habitation (MAMH) (Gouvernement du Québec, 2020)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

La portée et les limites des approches participatives pour la gestion intégrée des inondations - Massé, Simon; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas; Biron, Pascale; Ruiz, Julie (Revue des sciences de l’eau, 2019)
La gestion intégrée des risques d’inondation (GIRI) fait appel à la coordination de tous les niveaux et secteurs du gouvernement et de la société civile. Afin de favoriser la responsabilisation et l’appropriation des plans de GIRI par les communautés, l’implication des acteurs non gouvernementaux et des citoyens est de plus en plus valorisée. D’abord, l’émergence des approches participatives est exacerbée par l’optimisme face à la possibilité d’améliorer substantiellement la qualité et la portée des décisions, de gérer les conflits, de faciliter l'implantation des mesures non structurelles et de renforcer les capacités sociales au sein des communautés. Toutefois, certains avancent que l'intégration des non-experts dans le processus décisionnel brime l'impartialité de la procédure technocratique et que leur manque d’intérêt et de compétences limite la portée des démarches participatives. Des lacunes dans la représentativité des parties prenantes affectées et concernées au sein des instances peuvent aussi biaiser les aboutissants de la participation. De plus, la réticence des autorités à partager le pouvoir décisionnel limite l’institutionnalisation des approches participatives, tandis que la rigidité de l’appareil gouvernemental freine les élans participatifs des collectivités. Considérant l’intérêt grandissant des chercheurs, des décideurs et de la société civile envers les approches participatives dans le contexte de la gestion des inondations, cet article propose une synthèse de la littérature pour démêler les principales retombées et les limites de la participation. , In order to promote community accountability for flood risks, the involvement of non-governmental actors and citizens is increasingly valued. The emergence of participatory approaches is consolidated by optimism about the possibility of improving the quality and scope of decisions, managing conflicts, facilitating the implementation of non-structural measures and strengthening social capacity within communities. However, some argue that the integration of non-experts undermines the impartiality of the decision-making process and that their lack of interest and expertise limits the scope of participatory approaches. Moreover, the authorities’ reluctance to share decision-making power limits the institutionalization of participatory approaches, whereas the rigidity of the governmental framework hampers participatory impulses within communities. Lack of stakeholder representativeness within the decision-making framework may also bias the outcome of participation. In addition, the reluctance of the authorities to share decision-making power limits the institutionalization of participatory approaches, while the rigidity of the government apparatus hinders the participatory momentum of communities. Considering the growing interest of researchers, policymakers and civil society in participatory approaches in the context of flood management, this article provides a synthesis of the literature to unravel the major benefits and limitations of participation.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Conséquences des inondations de 2019 chez les intervenants de première et de deuxième lignes : le point de vue des principaux intéressés - Maltais, Danielle; Hamel, Ariane; Lansard, Anne-Lise (Canadian Social Work Review, 2024)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Octobre_2024

Changements climatiques : le niveau de préparation des provinces et territoires canadiens aux risques d’inondations - Feltmate, Blair; Moudrak, Marina; Bakos, Kathryn (Centre Intact d’adaptation au climat, Université de Waterloo, 2020)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Cohabiter avec l’eau : lancement d'un rapport d’étude et table ronde sur l’adaptation des bâtiments aux inondations - ASF Quebec (Architecture sans frontières Québec, 2021)
Le jeudi 10 juin 2021 à 12 h, la Communauté […]

Les causes des inondations du printemps 2019 dans le bassin versant de l’Outaouais : évaluation et comparaison des données hydrométéorologiques simulées avec les observations disponibles - Demers, Isabelle (Département de géographie, Université du Québec à Montréal., 2021)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

L'hydrogéomorphologie appliquée à la gestion de l'aléa d'inondation en climat tempéré froid : l'exemple de la rivière Matane (Québec) - Demers, Sylvio; Olsen, Taylor; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas; Marchand, Jean-Philippe; Biron, Pascale M.; Morneau, François (Physio-Géo, 2014)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Posttraumatic growth and its relationship with posttraumatic stress symptoms following wildfires: A longitudinal study. - Gaboury, Marie-Pier; Belleville, Geneviève; Lebel, Jessica; Ouellet, Marie-Christine; Morin, Charles; Bouchard, Stéphane; Bergeron, Nicolas; Ghosh, Sunita; Campbell, Tavis; MacMaster, Frank P. (Traumatology, 2023)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Decembre_2023

Trinity flame retardant with benzimidazole structure towards unsaturated polyester possessing high thermal stability, fire-safety and smoke suppression with in-depth insight into the smoke suppression mechanism - Li, Zhen; Fu, Teng; Guo, De-Ming; Lu, Jia-Hui; He, Jie-Hao; Chen, Li; Li, Wen-Da; Wang, Yu-Zhong (Polymer, 2023)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Juin_2023

Gender Differences in Usage and Subjective Appreciation of an Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Wildfire Evacuees: Descriptive Study - Binet, Émilie; Ouellet, Marie-Christine; Lebel, Jessica; Békés, Vera; Morin; Belleville, Geneviève (Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022)
Background: Based on the most common psychological difficulties of the evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires in Alberta, Canada, a therapist-guided cognitive behavioral self-treatment was developed. This study aimed to explore how gender influences the usage and subjective appreciation of the RESILIENT online treatment. Methods: Our study included 81 English-speaking evacuees with significant posttraumatic symptoms, or with some posttraumatic symptoms accompanied by at least mild depression symptoms or subclinical insomnia, and who logged into the platform at least once. Various usage and subjective appreciation variables were analyzed, including number of completed sessions, number of logins, number of words per session, perceived efforts, perception of usefulness and intention to continue using the different strategies. Results: No difference was detected in most objective usage indicators. The number of words written in sessions 7 and 10 was significantly greater for women than for men. Regarding subjective appreciation, men had a greater perception of having put strong efforts in the cognitive restructuring strategy, while women reported in a greater proportion that they wanted to continue using physical exercise as a behavioral activation strategy. Conclusions: Our study offers a first look into how women and men use online treatments, and what their preferences are.

Impact of the Carbon Cycle on Mercury Dynamics in a River Impacted by Run-Of-The-River Power Plants, Logging and Forest Fire - Amyot, Marc; Ponton, Dominic; Bilodeau, François; Harrisson, Makaila; Leclerc, Maxime; Millera Ferriz, Lise; Lavoie, Raphaël; Storck, Veronika; Planas, Dolors; Poulain, Alexandre; Walsh, David (Goldschmidt2020, 2020)

Défis de l’action intersectorielle et pistes de réflexion pour renforcer la concertation dans les milieux ruraux du Québec en contexte de pandémie - Richard, Julie; Bergeron, Dave A.; Lessard, Lily; Toupin, Isabelle; Ouellet, Nicole; Bédard, Emmanuelle (Global Health Promotion, 2021)
La présente pandémie nécessite le recours aux mécanismes qui favorisent l’action intersectorielle entre les autorités et les partenaires de différents secteurs de la santé et de la société civile pour coordonner et adapter la réponse socio-sanitaire en fonction des particularités des milieux et de l’évolution de la pandémie. Ce commentaire propose de mettre en lumière quelques défis qui se posent actuellement dans la mise en œuvre d’actions intersectorielles dans les milieux ruraux du Québec. Des pistes de réflexion en faveur du renforcement des mécanismes de concertation nécessaires à la gestion de la pandémie sont proposées.
Keywords: Lessard_Lily

Enhancing public transport use: The influence of soft pull interventions - Zarabi, Zahra; Waygood, E. Owen D.; Olsson, Lars; Friman, Margareta; Gousse-Lessard, Anne-Sophie (Transport Policy, 2024)
Keywords: Gousse-Lessard_Anne-Sophie

Development and validation of five behavioral indices of flood adaptation - Valois, Pierre; Caron, Maxime; Gousse-Lessard, Anne-Sophie; Talbot, Denis; Renaud, Jean-Sébastien (BMC Public Health, 2019)
Keywords: Gousse-Lessard_Anne-Sophie

We are our passions: The role of identity processes in harmonious and obsessive passion and links to optimal functioning in society - Bouizegarene, Nabil; Bourdeau, Sarah; Leduc, Caroline; Gousse-Lessard, Anne-Sophie; Houlfort, Nathalie; Vallerand, Robert J. (Self and Identity, 2018)
Keywords: Bourdeau-Brien_Michael; Gousse-Lessard_Anne-Sophie

Mémoire du risque et autonomisation comme facteurs d’adaptation dans un contexte d’inondations récurrentes - Bouchard-Bastien, Emmanuelle; Doyon, Sabrina (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1

Guide d’analyse de la dynamique du bois en rivière - Boivin, M.; Maltais, M.; Buffin-Bélanger, T. (2019)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime; Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Stressed and distressed: how is the COVID-19 pandemic associated with sexual frequency, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction? - Dion, Jacinthe; Hamel, Catherine; Prévost, Benjamin; Bergeron-Leclerc, Christiane; Pouliot, Eve; Maltais, Danielle; Grenier, Josée; Dubé, Myriam; Ouellet-Plamondon, Claudiane; Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie-Pier (The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2023)
Abstract Background The Canadian government’s response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic included the implementation of several restrictive measures since March 2020. These actions sought to decrease social contact and increase physical distancing, including that within universities. Such constraints were required to impede the transmission of the virus; however, concerns remain about their impact on the sexual and intimate relationships of university employees and students. Aim This study examined the associations between COVID-19–related stress and sexual frequency, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction, also testing the mediating role of psychological distress. Methods The models were tested with Canadian data collected from university employees and students in 2 phases: the first wave in April-May 2020 (T1; n = 2754) and the second wave in November-December 2021 (T2; n = 1430), 18 months afterward. Participants completed self-report questionnaires online. Path analyses were performed to test the associations of the mediation models. Outcomes The principal outcomes included psychological distress determined via the Patient Health Questionnaire–4, relationship satisfaction measured via the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and sexual satisfaction and sexual frequency ascertained through a single item each. Results Overall, COVID-19–related stress was associated with higher psychological distress, which in turn was related to lower sexual frequency, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction. Similar results were obtained with T1 and T2 data, indicating the mediating effect of psychological distress. Clinical Implications These findings increase scholarly comprehension of the negative associations between stress/distress and sexual and romantic relationships. Sexuality and close relationships are vital to the quality of human life; thus, targeted interventions should be developed to reduce COVID-19–related stress and its impact on sexual and romantic relationships to mitigate the long-term influences of this unique global challenge. Strengths and Limitations To our knowledge, this study is the first to use a large sample size and replicate findings in 2 waves. Nonetheless, it is limited by the use of cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies with the same participants are mandated to better understand the evolution of these outcomes. Conclusion COVID-19–related stress and psychological distress were found among participating university students and employees and were associated with lower sexual satisfaction, sexual frequency, and intimate relationship satisfaction. These results were observed at the early onset of the pandemic and 18 months afterward, suggesting that the stress generated by the pandemic were not mere reactions to the onset of the pandemic but persisted over time.

Regards sur les mécanismes et les facteurs contrôlant les inondations des bassins versants du Québec méridional - Bourgault, Marc-André; Boivin, Maxime; Roy, René; Desrochers, Georges; Anctil, François (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime; Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1

Prise en compte des risques d’inondation par les autorités locales : le cas des territoires concernés par les crues du lac des Deux-Montagnes (région de Montréal, Québec) - Fournier, Caroline; L. Van Neste, Sophie (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1

Conséquences sociosanitaires des inondations printanières de 2019 : comprendre afin de mieux agir - Généreux, Mélissa; Landaverde, Elsa; Maltais, Danielle (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1; Généreux_Mélissa

La fermeture des établissements scolaires en temps de pandémie : point de vue d’adolescents et d’adolescentes en région éloignée sur les changements perçus dans leur pratique d’activité physique - Guay, Sandrine; Pouliot, Eve; Maltais, Danielle; Giroux, Patrick; Simard, Ann-Sophie; Maltais-Dufour, Olivia; Lacelle, Catherine (Revue hybride de l'éducation, 2024)
En raison de la pandémie, en mars 2020, les adolescents et les adolescentes se sont retrouvés confinés à leur domicile pour un temps indéterminé. Afin de mieux comprendre leur vécu dans ce contexte particulier, notamment en ce qui concerne leurs habitudes de vie, des entrevues de groupe (n=10) ont été réalisées auprès de 57 jeunes fréquentant trois écoles secondaires du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean en 2021-2022. Les résultats soulignent la pertinence de mieux comprendre leur vécu et leurs besoins en temps de crise, de même que l’importance du rôle des milieux scolaires quant à la pratique d’activité physique chez les jeunes, et ce, en vue d’améliorer la qualité du soutien qui leur est offert.

Intervenir auprès des jeunes après une catastrophe : les rôles et les responsabilités du personnel scolaire - Lansard, Anne-Lise; Maltais, Danielle (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)

Exposition aux inondations : stress, difficultés vécues et conséquences sur différentes sphères de vie des sinistrés - Maltais, Danielle; Gilbert, Simon (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1

Interventions déployées lors des inondations de 2019 par les intervenants de première et de deuxième lignes - Maltais, Danielle; Lansard, Anne-Lise; Généreux, Mélissa; Martel, Jimmy (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1; Généreux_Mélissa

Interannual evolution of hydrosedimentary connectivity induced by forest cover change in a snow‐dominated mountainous catchment - Jautzy, Timothée; Maltais, Maxime; Buffin‐Bélanger, Thomas (Land Degradation & Development, 2021)
Abstract Hydrosedimentary connectivity is a key concept referring to the potential fluxes of water and sediment moving throughout a catchment. In forested catchments, these fluxes are prone to alterations caused by anthropogenic and natural disturbances. In this study, we modelled the interannual spatiotemporal evolution of hydrosedimentary connectivity influenced by forest cover change over the last four decades in the Mont‐Louis catchment, a medium snow‐dominated mountainous catchment in eastern Canada, which had 62% of its total surface affected by forest disturbances (mainly logging, but also wildfires and diseases) between 1979 and 2017. Using a geomorphometric index of connectivity (IC) and a historical forest cover database, we produced one IC map per year that considered anthropogenic and natural disturbances affecting the forest cover of the studied catchment. To account for vegetation recovery, forest disturbances were weighted with local hydrological recovery rates. Over the four decades, the mean IC of the Mont‐Louis catchment dramatically increased by 35% in response to different types of disturbances. The spatial evolution of IC over the whole catchment and at the sub‐catchment scale revealed that disturbance location has a strong influence on hydrosedimentary connectivity to the main channel. Our results also highlight the sharp contrast between IC computed from topography‐based impedance to those computed from vegetation‐based impedance. Forest disturbances appear to connect hillslopes with the hydrological network by producing pathways for sediment and water. Finally, the proposed reproducible framework could be useful for predicting the potential impact of harvesting and preventing damage to fish habitat and sensitive river reaches.

Les stratégies d’intervention déployées lors des inondations de 2019: le point de vue d’intervenants de première et de deuxième lignes sur leur vécu et les avenues prometteuses - Lansard, A.L.; Maltais, D. (2021)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Les stratégies d’intervention déployées lors des inondations de 2019: le point de vue d’intervenants de première et de deuxième lignes sur leur vécu et les avenues prometteuses – Rapport synthèse - Lansard, A.L.; Maltais, D.; Généreux, M. (GRIR-UQAC, 2021)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Les stratégies d’intervention déployées lors des inondations de 2019 : le point de vue d’intervenants de première et de deuxième lignes sur les avenues prometteuses - Maltais, Danielle; Lansard, Anne-Lise; Généreux, Mélissa (2021)
Au printemps 2017 et 2019, plus 300 municipalités du Québec ont été confrontées à de graves inondations qui ont provoqué d’importants dommages aux propriétés, aux biens personnels de milliers de citoyens et à plusieurs infrastructures municipales. Dans le contexte des inondations de 2019, il faut toutefois souligner l’importante différence entre celles vécues par la municipalité de Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac et celles survenues dans les autres municipalités du Québec. À Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, les inondations ont été soudaines, et rapides, car elles ont été provoquées par la rupture d’une digue. Ce sinistre, de nature anthropique, a occasionné la relocalisation d’urgence de plusieurs centaines de familles. Quant aux autres municipalités, c’est la crue printanière qui a généré des inondations fluviales, un sinistre de cause naturelle, dont l’ampleur et la durée ont dépassé les précédents évènements historiques, y compris ceux de 2017. Lors de ces inondations, les municipalités et divers partenaires gouvernementaux (CIUSSS/CISSS, MSP, SQ…) et certains organismes bénévoles en sécurité civile (Croix-Rouge Canadienne, Armée du Salut, Ambulance St-Jean, etc.), ont déployé leurs intervenants afin d’apporter leur aide et leur soutien aux municipalités et aux personnes sinistrées. Des centaines de policiers, pompiers, employés municipaux, gestionnaires, chefs d’équipe, militaires, intervenants psychosociaux, bénévoles spécialisés en recherche et sauvetage ou en soutien émotionnel ont alors travaillé sans relâche pour assurer la sécurité des personnes et des biens, mais pour aussi amortir, autant que possible, les impacts psychosociaux inévitablement causés par ce type de sinistre. Ce rapport synthèse présente le point de vue d’une centaine d’intervenants, provenant de différentes régions du Québec qui ont contribué à la gestion et la coordination des efforts pour orchestrer la réponse nécessaire lors des inondations de 2019. Ils ont été invités à documenter les stratégies mises en place à court et à moyen terme qui, selon leurs observations, ont contribué à : •Augmenter le sentiment de sécurité des sinistrés ; •Diminuer leur niveau d’anxiété et d’isolement ; et •Prévenir la détérioration de leur état de santé physique et psychologique.
Keywords: Généreux_Mélissa

Être jeune et exposé à un désastre technologique : le vécu des jeunes de la communauté de Lac-Mégantic - Maltais, Danielle; Pouliot, Ève; Petit, G. (2018)
A la suite de la tragedie ferroviaire de Lac-Megantic de 2013, des enquetes populationnelles ont permis de dresser un portrait de la sante des adultes vivant sur le territoire de la MRC du Granit, sans toutefois repertorier le vecu specifique des jeunes. Le present document vise a combler cette lacune en offrant un bilan de la realite et des besoins des jeunes âges de 10 a 25 ans demeurant au sein de la communaute de Lac-Megantic. Il presente les resultats d'une etude mixte realisee a l'hiver 2017 aupres d'eleves de second cycle de quatre ecoles primaires (5e et 6e annees), de la polyvalente Montignac, ainsi que d'etudiants frequentant le Centre de formation professionnelle Le Granit, le centre d'etudes collegiales de Lac-Megantic et le Centre d'education des adultes de la Commission scolaire des Hauts-Cantons, secteur Lac-Megantic. Cet ouvrage s'adresse aux chercheurs, aux etudiants ainsi qu'aux professionnels des milieux scolaires et du reseau de la sante et des services sociaux qui s'interessent au vecu des jeunes a la suite d'une catastrophe. Plus precisement, il permet de mieux connaitre les caracteristiques personnelles, familiales, scolaires et sociales des jeunes de la commmunaute de Lac-Megantic, tout en leur donnant la parole sur leurs attentes, leurs desirs et leurs besoins.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Adolescents Exposed to Cumulative Natural Disasters: A Comparison Between their Realities in Rural and Urban Areas - Pouliot, Eve; Maltais, Danielle; Gervais, Christine; Tardif-Grenier, Kristel; Simard, Ann-Sophie; Gauthier, Pascal; Maltais-Dufour, Olivia; Hamel, Ariane (Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2023)
Introduction: Over the past years, the Outaouais region (Quebec, Canada) and their residents have had to endure no less than five natural disasters (floods, tornadoes). These disasters are likely to have a variety of consequences on the physical and mental health of adolescents, as well as on their personal, family, school and social lives. The experiences of teenagers are also likely to vary depending on whether they live in rural or urban areas. Method: Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire in February 2022. A total of 1307 teenagers from two high schools participated in the study by completing an online survey. The questionnaire measured various aspects of the youth's mental health using validated tests, such as manifestations of post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression, as well as the presence of suicidal thoughts and self-harm. Other aspects of the youth's experience were measured, including their level of social support, school engagement, alcohol and drug use, and coping strategies. Results: One third of young students (n=1307) were experiencing depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts, as well as significant daily stress. More than 25% of the students had moderate or severe anxiety and thoughts of self-harm. These problems were significantly more prevalent among youths with prior exposure to a natural disaster. The study data also revealed that youths living in rural areas had a more worrying profile than those living in urban areas. Conclusion: Similar to other studies (Ran et al., 2015; Stratta et al., 2014), our research data revealed that youths living in rural areas presented a more concerning profile than those residing in urban areas. It therefore seems important, in future studies and services, to focus more specifically on these teenagers to better understand their needs and to develop adapted services more likely to meet them.

Les facteurs associés à la présence de pensées suicidaires chez les jeunes en contexte de catastrophe : quelles leçons tirer des études existantes en contexte de pandémie ? - Pouliot, Eve; Dubois, Pascale; Maltais, Danielle; Lansard, Anne-Lise; Simard, Ann-Sophie (Enfance en difficulté, 2022)
Il est largement reconnu que les catastrophes naturelles engendrent des conséquences importantes pour les populations exposées. Les jeunes sont particulièrement vulnérables à développer des problèmes de santé mentale après un désastre, notamment des pensées suicidaires. Or, dans le contexte de la pandémie de la COVID-19, il s’avère important de documenter ce phénomène afin d’intervenir efficacement, d’autant plus que les catastrophes et les risques de pandémie tendent à augmenter. Cette revue systématique des écrits vise à identifier les facteurs associés positivement ou négativement à la présence de pensées suicidaires chez les jeunes à la suite d’une catastrophe. Au total, 24 articles scientifiques ont été retenus pour l’analyse et ont permis de dégager plusieurs facteurs associés aux pensées suicidaires, tels que la dépression, le stress post-traumatique, l’âge, l’exposition au désastre, ainsi que les traumatismes antérieurs. Des pistes concrètes découlent de la présente analyse afin d’orienter l’intervention auprès des jeunes dans ce contexte. , It is widely recognized that natural disasters have significant consequences for exposed populations. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to develop mental health problems after a disaster, including suicidal thoughts. However, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to document this reality in order to prevent suicidal thoughts, especially as disasters and pandemic risks tend to increase. This systematic review of the literature aims to identify factors associated positively or negatively with the presence of suicidal thoughts in teenagers following a disaster. 24 scientific articles were selected for analysis and have allowed to identify several associated factors, such as depression, post-traumatic stress, age, exposure to disaster, and previous trauma. Concrete avenues emerge from this analysis to guide intervention with teenagers in this context.

Applicabilité du concept d’espace de liberté dans les pratiques de gestion des cours d’eau et des plaines inondables au Québec - Massé, Simon; Buffin-Belanger, Thomas; Biron, Pascale; Ruiz, Julie (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1

Réaménagement résilient et innovant face aux inondations : qu’apprendre des stratégies coconstruites à Saint-André d’Argenteuil ? - Thomas, Isabelle; Gagnon, Alexandre; Biron, Pascale; Gauthier, Myriam; Bonneville, Marie-Claude; Morin, Stéphanie (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1; Thomas_Isabelle

Mixture Probability Models with Covariates: Applications in Estimating Risk of Hydroclimatic Extremes - Yousfi, Nawres; El Adlouni, Salaheddine; Papalexiou, Simon Michael; Gachon, Philippe (Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2023)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Atmospheric blocking events in the North Atlantic: trends and links to climate anomalies and teleconnections - Wazneh, Hussein; Gachon, Philippe; Laprise, René; de Vernal, Anne; Tremblay, Bruno (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
Atmospheric blockings are generally associated with large-scale high-pressure systems that interrupt west-to-east atmospheric flow in mid and high latitudes. Blockings cause several days of quasi-stationary weather conditions, and therefore can result in monthly or seasonal climate anomalies and extreme weather events on the affected regions. In this paper, the long-term coupled CERA-20C reanalysis data from 1901 to 2010 are used to evaluate the links between blocking events over the North Atlantic north of 35° N, and atmospheric and oceanic modes of climate variability on decadal time scales. This study indicates more frequent and longer lasting blocking events than previous studies using other reanalyses products. A strong relationship was found between North Atlantic blocking events and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Baffin Island–West Atlantic (BWA) indices, in fall, winter and spring. More blocking events occur during the negative phases of the NAO index and positive phases of the BWA mode. In some situations, the BWA patterns provide clearer links with the North Atlantic blocking occurrence than with the NAO alone. The correlation between the synchronous occurrences of AMO and blocking is generally weak, although it does increase for a lag of about 6–10 years. Convergent cross mapping (CCM) furthermore demonstrates a significant two-way causal effect between blocking occurrences and the NAO and BWA indices. Finally, while we find no significant trends in blocking frequencies over the last 110 years in the Northern Hemisphere, these events become longer lasting in summer and fall, and more intense in spring in the North Atlantic.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Correction to: Atmospheric blocking events in the North Atlantic: trends and links to climate anomalies and teleconnections - Wazneh, Hussein; Gachon, Philippe; Laprise, René; de Vernal, Anne; Tremblay, Bruno (Climate Dynamics, 2021)
The article: Atmospheric blocking events in the North Atlantic: trends and links to climate anomalies and teleconnections, written by Hussein Wazneh, Philippe Gachon, René Laprise, Anne de Vernal, Bruno Tremblay was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 5 January 2021 without open access.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Predicting malaria risk considering vector control interventions under climate change scenarios - Sadoine, Margaux L.; Zinszer, Kate; Liu, Ying; Gachon, Philippe; Fournier, Michel; Dueymes, Guillaume; Dorsey, Grant; Llerena, Ana; Namuganga, Jane Frances; Nasri, Bouchra; Smargiassi, Audrey (Scientific Reports, 2024)
Many studies have projected malaria risks with climate change scenarios by modelling one or two environmental variables and without the consideration of malaria control interventions. We aimed to predict the risk of malaria with climate change considering the influence of rainfall, humidity, temperatures, vegetation, and vector control interventions (indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN)). We used negative binomial models based on weekly malaria data from six facility-based surveillance sites in Uganda from 2010–2018, to estimate associations between malaria, environmental variables and interventions, accounting for the non-linearity of environmental variables. Associations were applied to future climate scenarios to predict malaria distribution using an ensemble of Regional Climate Models under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Predictions including interaction effects between environmental variables and interventions were also explored. The results showed upward trends in the annual malaria cases by 25% to 30% by 2050s in the absence of intervention but there was great variability in the predictions (historical vs RCP 4.5 medians [Min–Max]: 16,785 [9,902–74,382] vs 21,289 [11,796–70,606]). The combination of IRS and LLIN, IRS alone, and LLIN alone would contribute to reducing the malaria burden by 76%, 63% and 35% respectively. Similar conclusions were drawn from the predictions of the models with and without interactions between environmental factors and interventions, suggesting that the interactions have no added value for the predictions. The results highlight the need for maintaining vector control interventions for malaria prevention and control in the context of climate change given the potential public health and economic implications of increasing malaria in Uganda.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Differential Influence of Environmental Factors on Malaria Due to Vector Control Interventions in Uganda - Sadoine, Margaux L.; Smargiassi, Audrey; Liu, Ying; Gachon, Philippe; Fournier, Michel; Dueymes, Guillaume; Namuganga, Jane Frances; Dorsey, Grant; Nasri, Bouchra; Zinszer, Kate (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023)
Background: Few studies have explored how vector control interventions may modify associations between environmental factors and malaria. Methods: We used weekly malaria cases reported from six public health facilities in Uganda. Environmental variables (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and vegetation) were extracted from remote sensing sources. The non-linearity of environmental variables was investigated, and negative binomial regression models were used to explore the influence of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on associations between environmental factors and malaria incident cases for each site as well as pooled across the facilities, with or without considering the interaction between environmental variables and vector control interventions. Results: An average of 73.3 weekly malaria cases per site (range: 0–597) occurred between 2010 and 2018. From the pooled model, malaria risk related to environmental variables was reduced by about 35% with LLINs and 63% with IRS. Significant interactions were observed between some environmental variables and vector control interventions. There was site-specific variability in the shape of the environment–malaria risk relationship and in the influence of interventions (6 to 72% reduction in cases with LLINs and 43 to 74% with IRS). Conclusion: The influence of vector control interventions on the malaria–environment relationship need to be considered at a local scale in order to efficiently guide control programs.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Differential impact of environment on malaria due to control interventions in Uganda, 2010-2018 - Sadoine, Margaux; Smargiassi, Audrey; Liu, Ying; Gachon, Philippe; Dueymes, Guillaume; Namuganga, Jane Frances; Dorsey, Grant; Fournier, Michel; Nasri, Bouchra; Zinszer, Kate (ISEE Conference Abstracts, 2022)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

The influence of the environment and indoor residual spraying on malaria risk in a cohort of children in Uganda - Sadoine, Margaux L.; Smargiassi, Audrey; Liu, Ying; Gachon, Philippe; Dueymes, Guillaume; Dorsey, Grant; Fournier, Michel; Nankabirwa, Joaniter I.; Rek, John; Zinszer, Kate (Scientific Reports, 2022)
Studies have estimated the impact of the environment on malaria incidence although few have explored the differential impact due to malaria control interventions. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on the relationship between malaria and environment (i.e. rainfall, temperatures, humidity, and vegetation) using data from a dynamic cohort of children from three sub-counties in Uganda. Environmental variables were extracted from remote sensing sources and averaged over different time periods. General linear mixed models were constructed for each sub-counties based on a log-binomial distribution. The influence of IRS was analysed by comparing marginal effects of environment in models adjusted and unadjusted for IRS. Great regional variability in the shape (linear and non-linear), direction, and magnitude of environmental associations with malaria risk were observed between sub-counties. IRS was significantly associated with malaria risk reduction (risk ratios vary from RR = 0.03, CI 95% [0.03–0.08] to RR = 0.35, CI95% [0.28–0.42]). Model adjustment for this intervention changed the magnitude and/or direction of environment-malaria associations, suggesting an interaction effect. This study evaluated the potential influence of IRS in the malaria-environment association and highlighted the necessity to control for interventions when they are performed to properly estimate the environmental influence on malaria. Local models are more informative to guide intervention program compared to national models.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Yellow fever virus outbreak in Brazil under current and future climate - Sadeghieh, Tara; Sargeant, Jan M.; Greer, Amy L.; Berke, Olaf; Dueymes, Guillaume; Gachon, Philippe; Ogden, Nicholas H.; Ng, Victoria (Infectious Disease Modelling, 2021)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Zika virus outbreak in Brazil under current and future climate - Sadeghieh, Tara; Sargeant, Jan M.; Greer, Amy L.; Berke, Olaf; Dueymes, Guillaume; Gachon, Philippe; Ogden, Nicholas H.; Ng, Victoria (Epidemics, 2021)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Predicted Northward Expansion of the Geographic Range of the Tick Vector Amblyomma americanum in North America under Future Climate Conditions - Sagurova, Irina; Ludwig, Antoinette; Ogden, Nicholas H.; Pelcat, Yann; Dueymes, Guillaume; Gachon, Philippe (Environmental Health Perspectives, 2019)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Inconsistent linear trends in Senegalese rainfall indices from 1950 to 2007 - Sarr, Mamadou Adama; Gachon, Philippe; Seidou, Ousmane; Bryant, Christopher Robin; Ndione, Jacques André; Comby, Jacques (Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2015)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Polar low developed in the Norwegian Sea on 25 March 2019 – Simulations with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM6/GEM4) and manual track - Moreno-Ibáñez, Marta; Laprise, René; Gachon, Philippe (Borealis, 2023)
This dataset contains: 1. The output of an ensemble of simulations of a polar low that developed over the Norwegian Sea on 25 March 2019. 2. The manually-obtained tracks of the polar low. 1. Simulation output The simulations of the polar low were conducted with the convection-permitting Canadian Regional Climate Model version 6 (CRCM6/GEM4) driven by the reanalysis ERA5. The model has a grid mesh of 0.0225° and a vertical grid with 62 levels. The size of the model domain is 1004 x 1004 grid points, excluding the sponge zone, and the model top is at 2 hPa. The model was initialised every six hours from 23 March at 0000 UTC to 24 March at 1800 UTC, and the end date of the simulations was 26 March at 0600 UTC. This dataset contains the hourly output of these eight simulations. The 2D fields include several variables at screen level (temperature, dewpoint temperature, relative humidity, horizontal wind, wind gust) as well as sea level pressure,1 h accumulated precipitation, and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. The 3D fields are geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, horizontal wind, and the vertical velocity in pressure coordinate, and they are provided on 22 pressure levels from 1,000 to 10 hPa. 2. Polar low tracks This dataset contains the different tracks of the polar low that have been obtained using the observations, the reanalysis ERA5 and the output of the eight simulations. The data provided are the time, latitude and longitude of the track points, as well as the sea level pressure minimum. For the track obtained using observations, the dataset also includes the distance between the track point and the closest surface station (which is the one that provides the value of the sea level pressure minimum). Only the sea level pressure observations from stations within 25 km from the PL centre are included.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Assessment of simulations of a polar low with the Canadian Regional Climate Model - Moreno-Ibáñez, Marta; Laprise, René; Gachon, Philippe (PLOS ONE, 2023)
Polar lows (PLs), which are intense maritime polar mesoscale cyclones, are associated with severe weather conditions. Due to their small size and rapid development, PL forecasting remains a challenge. Convection-permitting models are adequate to forecast PLs since, compared to coarser models, they provide a better representation of convection as well as surface and near-surface processes. A PL that formed over the Norwegian Sea on 25 March 2019 was simulated using the convection-permitting Canadian Regional Climate Model version 6 (CRCM6/GEM4, using a grid mesh of 2.5 km) driven by the reanalysis ERA5. The objectives of this study were to quantify the impact of the initial conditions on the simulation of the PL, and to assess the skill of the CRCM6/GEM4 at reproducing the PL. The results show that the skill of the CRCM6/GEM4 at reproducing the PL strongly depends on the initial conditions. Although in all simulations the synoptic environment is favourable for PL development, with a strong low-level temperature gradient and an upper-level through, only the low-level atmospheric fields of three of the simulations lead to PL development through baroclinic instability. The two simulations that best captured the PL represent a PL deeper than the observed one, and they show higher temperature mean bias compared to the other simulations, indicating that the ocean surface fluxes may be too strong. In general, ERA5 has more skill than the simulations at reproducing the observed PL, but the CRCM6/GEM4 simulation with initialisation time closer to the genesis time of the PL reproduces quite well small scale features as low-level baroclinic instability during the PL development phase.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Analysis of the Development Mechanisms of a Polar Low over the Norwegian Sea Simulated with the Canadian Regional Climate Model - Moreno-Ibáñez, Marta; Laprise, René; Gachon, Philippe (Atmosphere, 2023)
Polar lows (PLs) are maritime mesoscale cyclones associated with severe weather. They develop during marine cold air outbreaks near coastlines and the sea ice edge. Unfortunately, our knowledge about the mechanisms leading to PL development is still incomplete. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the development mechanisms of a PL that formed over the Norwegian Sea on 25 March 2019 using the output of a simulation with the sixth version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM6/GEM4), a convection-permitting model. First, the life cycle of the PL is described and the vertical wind shear environment is analysed. Then, the horizontal wind divergence and the baroclinic conversion term are computed, and a surface pressure tendency equation is developed. In addition, the roles of atmospheric static stability, latent heat release, and surface heat and moisture fluxes are explored. The results show that the PL developed in a forward-shear environment and that moist baroclinic instability played a major role in its genesis and intensification. Baroclinic instability was initially only present at low levels of the atmosphere, but later extended upward until it reached the mid-troposphere. Whereas the latent heat of condensation and the surface heat fluxes also contributed to the development of the PL, convective available potential energy and barotropic conversion do not seem to have played a major role in its intensification. In conclusion, this study shows that a convection-permitting model simulation is a powerful tool to study the details of the structure of PLs, as well as their development mechanisms.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Climate change alone cannot explain boreal caribou range recession in Quebec since 1850 - Morineau, Chloé; Boulanger, Yan; Gachon, Philippe; Plante, Sabrina; St‐Laurent, Martin‐Hugues (Global Change Biology, 2023)
Abstract The contraction of species range is one of the most significant symptoms of biodiversity loss worldwide. While anthropogenic activities and habitat alteration are major threats for several species, climate change should also be considered. For species at risk, differentiating the effects of human disturbances and climate change on past and current range transformations is an important step towards improved conservation strategies. We paired historical range maps with global atmospheric reanalyses from different sources to assess the potential effects of recent climate change on the observed northward contraction of the range of boreal populations of woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ) in Quebec (Canada) since 1850. We quantified these effects by highlighting the discrepancies between different southern limits of the caribou's range (used as references) observed in the past and reconstitutions obtained through the hindcasting of the climate conditions within which caribou are currently found. Hindcasted southern limits moved ~105 km north over time under all reanalysis datasets, a trend drastically different from the ~620 km reported for observed southern limits since 1850. The differences in latitudinal shift through time between the observed and hindcasted southern limits of distribution suggest that caribou range recession should have been only 17% of what has been observed since 1850 if recent climate change had been the only disturbance driver. This relatively limited impact of climate reinforces the scientific consensus stating that caribou range recession in Quebec is mainly caused by anthropogenic drivers (i.e. logging, development of the road network, agriculture, urbanization) that have modified the structure and composition of the forest over the past 160 years, paving the way for habitat‐mediated apparent competition and overharvesting. Our results also call for a reconsideration of past ranges in models aiming at projecting future distributions, especially for endangered species.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Corridors fluviaux résilients : qu’est-ce que le Québec peut apprendre de l’international ? - Mayer-Jouanjean, Isabelle; Boucher, Étienne; Lavoie, Roxane; Gachon, Philippe (Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités, 2022)
Keywords: Chapitre_Ouvrage_Collectif_Numero1; Gachon_Philippe

Recent advances in polar low research: current knowledge, challenges and future perspectives - Moreno-Ibáñez, Marta; Laprise, René; Gachon, Philippe (Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 2021)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Risk assessment strategies for early detection and prediction of infectious disease outbreaks associated with climate change - Rees, Ee; Ng, V; Gachon, P; Mawudeku, A; McKenney, D; Pedlar, J; Yemshanov, D; Parmely, J; Knox, J (Canada Communicable Disease Report, 2019)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Stratégie d’évaluation des risques servant à la détection précoce et à la prédiction des éclosions de maladies infectieuses associées aux changements climatiques - Rees, Ee; Ng, V; Gachon, P; Mawudeku, A; McKenney, D; Pedlar, J; Yemshanov, D; Parmely, J; Knox, J (Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada, 2019)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Climate change and infectious diseases: What can we expect? - Ogden, Nh; Gachon, P (Canada Communicable Disease Report, 2019)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Investigating added value of regional climate modeling in North American winter storm track simulations - Poan, E. D.; Gachon, P.; Laprise, R.; Aider, R.; Dueymes, G. (Climate Dynamics, 2018)
Extratropical Cyclone (EC) characteristics depend on a combination of large-scale factors and regional processes. However, the latter are considered to be poorly represented in global climate models (GCMs), partly because their resolution is too coarse. This paper describes a framework using possibilities given by regional climate models (RCMs) to gain insight into storm activity during winter over North America (NA). Recent past climate period (1981–2005) is considered to assess EC activity over NA using the NCEP regional reanalysis (NARR) as a reference, along with the European reanalysis ERA-Interim (ERAI) and two CMIP5 GCMs used to drive the Canadian Regional Climate Model—version 5 (CRCM5) and the corresponding regional-scale simulations. While ERAI and GCM simulations show basic agreement with NARR in terms of climatological storm track patterns, detailed bias analyses show that, on the one hand, ERAI presents statistically significant positive biases in terms of EC genesis and therefore occurrence while capturing their intensity fairly well. On the other hand, GCMs present large negative intensity biases in the overall NA domain and particularly over NA eastern coast. In addition, storm occurrence over the northwestern topographic regions is highly overestimated. When the CRCM5 is driven by ERAI, no significant skill deterioration arises and, more importantly, all storm characteristics near areas with marked relief and over regions with large water masses are significantly improved with respect to ERAI. Conversely, in GCM-driven simulations, the added value contributed by CRCM5 is less prominent and systematic, except over western NA areas with high topography and over the Western Atlantic coastlines where the most frequent and intense ECs are located. Despite this significant added-value on seasonal-mean characteristics, a caveat is raised on the RCM ability to handle storm temporal ‘seriality’, as a measure of their temporal variability at a given location. In fact, the driving models induce some significant footprints on the RCM skill to reproduce the intra-seasonal pattern of storm activity.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

West African monsoon intraseasonal activity and its daily precipitation indices in regional climate models: diagnostics and challenges - Poan, E. D.; Gachon, P.; Dueymes, G.; Diaconescu, E.; Laprise, R.; Seidou Sanda, I. (Climate Dynamics, 2016)
The West African monsoon intraseasonal variability has huge socio-economic impacts on local populations but understanding and predicting it still remains a challenge for the weather prediction and climate scientific community. This paper analyses an ensemble of simulations from six regional climate models (RCMs) taking part in the coordinated regional downscaling experiment, the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAI) and three satellite-based and observationally-constrained daily precipitation datasets, to assess the performance of the RCMs with regard to the intraseasonal variability. A joint analysis of seasonal-mean precipitation and the total column water vapor (also called precipitable water—PW) suggests the existence of important links at different timescales between these two variables over the Sahel and highlights the relevance of using PW to follow the monsoon seasonal cycle. RCMs that fail to represent the seasonal-mean position and amplitude of the meridional gradient of PW show the largest discrepancies with respect to seasonal-mean observed precipitation. For both ERAI and RCMs, spectral decompositions of daily PW as well as rainfall show an overestimation of low-frequency activity (at timescales longer than 10 days) at the expense of the synoptic (timescales shorter than 10 days) activity. Consequently, the effects of the African Easterly Waves and the associated mesoscale convective systems are substantially underestimated, especially over continental regions. Finally, the study investigates the skill of the models with respect to hydro-climatic indices related to the occurrence, intensity and frequency of precipitation events at the intraseasonal scale. Although most of these indices are generally better reproduced with RCMs than reanalysis products, this study indicates that RCMs still need to be improved (especially with respect to their subgrid-scale parameterization schemes) to be able to reproduce the intraseasonal variance spectrum adequately.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Sampling errors of quantile estimations from finite samples of data - Roy, Philippe; Laprise, R.; Gachon, P. (2016)
Empirical relationships are derived for the expected sampling error of quantile estimations using Monte Carlo experiments for two frequency distributions frequently encountered in climate sciences. The relationships found are expressed as a scaling factor times the standard error of the mean; these give a quick tool to estimate the uncertainty of quantiles for a given finite sample size.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

The 2011 flood event in the Richelieu River basin: Causes, assessment and damages - Saad, Christian; St-Hilaire, André; Gachon, Philippe; El Adlouni, Salaheddine (Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2016)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

An alternative method to characterize the surface urban heat island - Martin, Philippe; Baudouin, Yves; Gachon, Philippe (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2015)
An urban heat island (UHI) is a relative measure defined as a metropolitan area that is warmer than the surrounding suburban or rural areas. The UHI nomenclature includes a surface urban heat island (SUHI) definition that describes the land surface temperature (LST) differences between urban and suburban areas. The complexity involved in selecting an urban core and external thermal reference for estimating the magnitude of a UHI led us to develop a new definition of SUHIs that excludes any rural comparison. The thermal reference of these newly defined surface intra-urban heat islands (SIUHIs) is based on various temperature thresholds above the spatial average of LSTs within the city’s administrative limits. A time series of images from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) from 1984 to 2011 was used to estimate the LST over the warm season in Montreal, Québec, Canada. Different SIUHI categories were analyzed in consideration of the global solar radiation (GSR) conditions that prevailed before each acquisition date of the Landsat images. The results show that the cumulative GSR observed 24 to 48 h prior to the satellite overpass is significantly linked with the occurrence of the highest SIUHI categories (thresholds of +3 to +7 °C above the mean spatial LST within Montreal city). The highest correlation (≈0.8) is obtained between a pixel-based temperature that is 6 °C hotter than the city’s mean LST (SIUHI + 6) after only 24 h of cumulative GSR. SIUHI + 6 can then be used as a thermal threshold that characterizes hotspots within the city. This identification approach can be viewed as a useful criterion or as an initial step toward the development of heat health watch and warning system (HHWWS), especially during the occurrence of severe heat spells across urban areas.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Recent and projected future climatic suitability of North America for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus - Ogden, Nicholas H.; Milka, Radojević; Caminade, Cyril; Gachon, Philippe (Parasites & Vectors, 2014)
Since the 1980s, populations of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus have become established in south-eastern, eastern and central United States, extending to approximately 40°N. Ae. albopictus is a vector of a wide range of human pathogens including dengue and chikungunya viruses, which are currently emerging in the Caribbean and Central America and posing a threat to North America.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Respiratory and Otolaryngology Symptoms Following the 2019 Spring Floods in Quebec - Landaverde, Elsa; Généreux, Mélissa; Maltais, Danielle; Gachon, Philippe (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022)
Background: Although floods may have important respiratory health impacts, few studies have examined this issue. This study aims to document the long-term impacts of the spring floods of 2019 in Quebec by (1) describing the population affected by the floods; (2) assessing the impacts on the respiratory system according to levels of exposure; and (3) determining the association between stressors and respiratory health. Methods: A population health survey was carried out across the six most affected regions 8–10 months post-floods. Data were collected on self-reported otolaryngology (ENT) and respiratory symptoms, along with primary and secondary stressors. Three levels of exposure were examined: flooded, disrupted and unaffected. Results: One in ten respondents declared being flooded and 31.4% being disrupted by the floods. Flooded and disrupted participants reported significantly more ENT symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.18; 95% CI: 2.45–4.14; aOR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.45–2.14) and respiratory symptoms (aOR: 3.41; 95% CI: 2.45–4.75; aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.10–1.91) than the unaffected participants. All primary stressors and certain secondary stressors assessed were significantly associated with both ENT and respiratory symptoms, but no “dose–response” gradient could be observed. Conclusion: This study highlights the long-term adverse effects of flood exposure on respiratory health.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Généreux_Mélissa; Infolettre; Infolettre_Octobre_2022; Site_internet_RIISQ

Retour sur les inondations printanières de 2019 : Interventions prometteuses - Maltais, Danielle; Lansard, Anne-Lise; Landaverde, Elsa; Généreux, Mélissa; Gachon, Philippe (2022)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Généreux_Mélissa; Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2023

Analyse des liens entre la précipitation extrême et la température : étude de cas dans le bassin versant de la rivière des Outaouais (BVRO) à partir des simulations du modèle climatique régional développé au centre ESCER - Llerena, Ana (2021)
Dans le contexte du réchauffement planétaire, la relation de Clausius Clapeyron (CC) est utilisée comme un indicateur de l’évolution des précipitations extrêmes. Parmi les théories proposées, nous utilisons dans notre recherche une relation exponentielle qui fait le lien entre l’évolution des centiles les plus extrêmes des précipitations et le changement de la température ΔT dans le climat actuel. Selon cette théorie, les précipitations augmentent au même rythme que la capacité de rétention d'humidité dans l’atmosphère, expliquée par la relation de CC, avec un taux de changement d'environ 7 % par degré Celsius pour des valeurs de température et de pression près de la surface. Ainsi, le présent travail vise à vérifier l’existence de liens physiquement plausibles dans la relation entre les précipitations extrêmes et la température de l’air pour la région du Bassin Versant de la Rivière des Outaouais (BVRO) sur la période 1981-2010, à l’aide des simulations du Modèle Régional Canadien du Climat (MRCC) (versions 5 et 6), développé au centre ESCER, et de deux produits de réanalyses du Centre Européen pour les prévisions météorologiques à moyen terme (CEPMMT) à différentes résolutions spatiales. En général, les précipitations quotidiennes suivent un taux de changement inférieur à celui de CC ; tandis que les précipitations horaires augmentent plus rapidement avec la température. Dans ce dernier cas, pour la simulation du MRCC5 à plus haute résolution spatiale, des taux de changement supérieurs à CC ont même été produits, jusqu’à 10,2 %/°C. Ce travail a également mis en évidence qu’au-delà du seuil de 20°C, la capacité de rétention d'humidité de l’atmosphère n’est pas le seul facteur déterminant pour générer des précipitations extrêmes, et que d’autres facteurs sont à considérer, comme la disponibilité de l'humidité au moment de l'événement de précipitation et la présence de mécanismes dynamiques qui favorisent les mouvements verticaux ascendants. Un comportement sous forme de crochet, qui décrit une augmentation des précipitations jusqu'à un seuil de température, est observé dans la saison estivale avec le MRCC5, mais il a disparu avec les simulations du MRCC6, ce qui pourrait être une conséquence d’avoir seulement une année de simulation disponible ou bien d’une conséquence de la très haute résolution du modèle sur les intervalles de température et sur les effets locaux. En conclusion, l'applicabilité de la relation de CC ne doit pas être généralisée quant à l’étude des précipitations extrêmes, il est également important de considérer l'échelle temporelle, la résolution du modèle utilisé et la saison de l'année. L’évolution de cette relation de CC devrait être évaluée avec des simulations à très haute résolution spatiale (version en développement au centre ESCER), et pour d’autres zones climatiques, sachant que les intervalles de températures et les effets locaux exercent un rôle majeur sur les occurrences et les intensités des fortes précipitations. Ces éléments sont essentiels à intégrer dans le contexte des changements climatiques, en raison des conséquences associées aux fortes précipitations, notamment sur l’occurrence des inondations. _____________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Clausius-Clapeyron, évènements extrêmes, aléas météorologiques, risques d’inondation, changements climatiques
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Pandémie et inondations ne font pas bon ménage : comment relever ce double défi - Gousse-Lessard, Anne-Sophie; Souza, Danielle Maia de; Maltais, Danielle; Généreux, Mélissa; Gachon, Philippe; King, Suzanne; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas (The Conversation, 2020)
La pandémie transforme la manière avec laquelle la sécurité civile a l’habitude de procéder devant les aléas. Nos réseaux de soutien communautaire seront mis à rude épreuve s’il y a des inondations.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Gousse-Lessard_Anne-Sophie; Généreux_Mélissa; Site_internet_RIISQ

Inondations: pourra-t-on faire mieux la prochaine fois? - Maltais, Danielle; Gachon, Philippe; King, Suzanne (The Conversation, 2019)
Les inondations causent de lourds dommages tant économiques, sociaux qu'environnementaux, en plus d'avoir des effets sur la santé physique et psychologique des sinistrés.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Site_internet_RIISQ

Leçons à tirer des inondations récentes : l’importance de l’intersectorialité - Gachon, P (L'état du Québec 2020, 2019)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Site_internet_RIISQ

Which downscaled rainfall data for climate change impact studies in urban areas? Review of current approaches and trends - Gooré Bi, Eustache; Gachon, Philippe; Vrac, Mathieu; Monette, Frédéric (Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2017)
Changes in extreme precipitation should be one of the primary impacts of climate change (CC) in urban areas. To assess these impacts, rainfall data from climate models are commonly used. The main goal of this paper is to report on the state of knowledge and recent works on the study of CC impacts with a focus on urban areas, in order to produce an integrated review of various approaches to which future studies can then be compared or constructed. Model output statistics (MOS) methods are increasingly used in the literature to study the impacts of CC in urban settings. A review of previous works highlights the non-stationarity nature of future climate data, underscoring the need to revise urban drainage system design criteria. A comparison of these studies is made difficult, however, by the numerous sources of uncertainty arising from a plethora of assumptions, scenarios, and modeling options. All the methods used do, however, predict increased extreme precipitation in the future, suggesting potential risks of combined sewer overflow frequencies, flooding, and back-up in existing sewer systems in urban areas. Future studies must quantify more accurately the different sources of uncertainty by improving downscaling and correction methods. New research is necessary to improve the data validation process, an aspect that is seldom reported in the literature. Finally, the potential application of non-stationarity conditions into generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution should be assessed more closely, which will require close collaboration between engineers, hydrologists, statisticians, and climatologists, thus contributing to the ongoing reflection on this issue of social concern.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Occurrence, durée et intensité des précipitations simulées par deux modèles régionaux canadiens du climat sur la région du Maghreb - Jelassi, Mariem; Gachon, Philippe; Laprise, René (Atmosphere-Ocean, 2016)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Evaluation of Precipitation Indices over North America from Various Configurations of Regional Climate Models - Diaconescu, Emilia Paula; Gachon, Philippe; Laprise, René; Scinocca, John F. (Atmosphere-Ocean, 2016)
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

On the Remapping Procedure of Daily Precipitation Statistics and Indices Used in Regional Climate Model Evaluation - Diaconescu, Emilia Paula; Gachon, Philippe; Laprise, René (Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2015)
Abstract Gridded estimates of precipitation using both satellite and observational station data are regularly used as reference products in the evaluation of basic climate fields and derived indices as simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) over the current period. One of the issues encountered in RCM evaluation is the fact that RCMs and reference fields are usually on different grids and often at different horizontal resolutions. A proper RCM evaluation requires remapping on a common grid. For the climate indices or other derived fields, the remapping can be done in two ways: either as a first-step operation on the original field with the derived index computed on the final/common grid in a second step, or to compute first the climate index on the original grid before remapping or regridding it as a last-step operation on the final/common grid. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the two approaches affect the final field, thus contributing to one of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) in Africa (CORDEX-Africa) goals of providing a benchmark framework for RCM evaluation over the West Africa monsoon area, using several daily precipitation indices. The results indicate the advantage of using the last-step remapping procedure, regardless of the mathematical method chosen for the remapping, in order to minimize errors in the indices under evaluation.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Evaluation of daily precipitation statistics and monsoon onset/retreat over western Sahel in multiple data sets - Diaconescu, Emilia Paula; Gachon, Philippe; Scinocca, John; Laprise, René (Climate Dynamics, 2015)
The West Africa rainfall regime constitutes a considerable challenge for Regional Climate Models (RCMs) due to the complexity of dynamical and physical processes that characterise the West African Monsoon. In this paper, daily precipitation statistics are evaluated from the contributions to the AFRICA-CORDEX experiment from two ERA-Interim driven Canadian RCMs: CanRCM4, developed at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) and CRCM5, developed at the University of Québec at Montréal. These modelled precipitation statistics are evaluated against three gridded observed datasets—the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and the Africa Rainfall Climatology (ARC2)—and four reanalysis products (ECMWF ERA-Interim, NCEP/DOE Reanalysis II, NASA MERRA and NOAA-CIRES Twentieth Century Reanalysis). The two RCMs share the same dynamics from the Environment Canada GEM forecast model, but have two different physics’ packages: CanRCM4 obtains its physics from CCCma’s global atmospheric model (CanAM4), while CRCM5 shares a number of its physics modules with the limited-area version of GEM forecast model. The evaluation is focused on various daily precipitation statistics (maximum number of consecutive wet days, number of moderate and very heavy precipitation events, precipitation frequency distribution) and on the monsoon onset and retreat over the Sahel region. We find that the CRCM5 has a good representation of daily precipitation statistics over the southern Sahel, with spatial distributions close to GPCP dataset. Some differences are observed in the northern part of the Sahel, where the model is characterised by a dry bias. CanRCM4 and the ERA-Interim and MERRA reanalysis products overestimate the number of wet days over Sahel with a shift in the frequency distribution toward smaller daily precipitation amounts than in observations. Both RCMs and reanalyses have difficulties in reproducing the local onset date over the Sahel region. Nevertheless, the large-scale features of the monsoon precipitation evolution over West Africa are well reproduced by the RCMs, whereas the northern limit of the rainy bands is less accurately reproduced. Both RCMs exhibit an overall good representation of the local retreat index over the Sahel region.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of climate change on a combined sewer overflow and its receiving water body - Gooré Bi, Eustache; Monette, Frédéric; Gachon, Philippe; Gaspéri, Johnny; Perrodin, Yves (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015)
Projections from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) for the southern part of the province of Québec, Canada, suggest an increase in extreme precipitation events for the 2050 horizon (2041–2070). The main goal of this study consisted in a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of the 20 % increase in rainfall intensity that led, in the summer of 2013, to overflows in the “Rolland-Therrien” combined sewer system in the city of Longueuil, Canada. The PCSWMM 2013 model was used to assess the sensitivity of this overflow under current (2013) and future (2050) climate conditions. The simulated quantitative variables (peak flow, QCSO, and volume discharged, VD) served as the basis for deriving ecotoxicological risk indices and event fluxes (EFs) transported to the St. Lawrence (SL) River. Results highlighted 15 to 500 % increases in VD and 13 to 148 % increases in QCSO by 2050 (compared to 2013), based on eight rainfall events measured from May to October. These results show that (i) the relationships between precipitation and combined sewer overflow variables are not linear and (ii) the design criteria for current hydraulic infrastructure must be revised to account for the impact of climate change (CC) arising from changes in precipitation regimes. EFs discharged into the SL River will be 2.24 times larger in the future than they are now (2013) due to large VDs resulting from CC. This will, in turn, lead to excessive inputs of total suspended solids (TSSs) and tracers for numerous urban pollutants (organic matter and nutrients, metals) into the receiving water body. Ecotoxicological risk indices will increase by more than 100 % by 2050 compared to 2013. Given that substantial VDs are at play, and although CC scenarios have many sources of uncertainty, strategies to adapt this drainage network to the effects of CC will have to be developed.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

Multisite statistical downscaling model for daily precipitation combined by multivariate multiple linear regression and stochastic weather generator - Jeong, D. I.; St-Hilaire, A.; Ouarda, T. B. M. J.; Gachon, P. (Climatic Change, 2012)
This study provides a multi-site hybrid statistical downscaling procedure combining regression-based and stochastic weather generation approaches for multisite simulation of daily precipitation. In the hybrid model, the multivariate multiple linear regression (MMLR) is employed for simultaneous downscaling of deterministic series of daily precipitation occurrence and amount using large-scale reanalysis predictors over nine different observed stations in southern Québec (Canada). The multivariate normal distribution, the first-order Markov chain model, and the probability distribution mapping technique are employed for reproducing temporal variability and spatial dependency on the multisite observations of precipitation series. The regression-based MMLR model explained 16 % ~ 22 % of total variance in daily precipitation occurrence series and 13 % ~ 25 % of total variance in daily precipitation amount series of the nine observation sites. Moreover, it constantly over-represented the spatial dependency of daily precipitation occurrence and amount. In generating daily precipitation, the hybrid model showed good temporal reproduction ability for number of wet days, cross-site correlation, and probabilities of consecutive wet days, and maximum 3-days precipitation total amount for all observation sites. However, the reproducing ability of the hybrid model for spatio-temporal variations can be improved, i.e. to further increase the explained variance of the observed precipitation series, as for example by using regional-scale predictors in the MMLR model. However, in all downscaling precipitation results, the hybrid model benefits from the stochastic weather generator procedure with respect to the single use of deterministic component in the MMLR model.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe

The 2023 wildfire season in Québec: an overview of extreme conditions, impacts, lessons learned and considerations for the future - Boulanger, Yan; Arseneault, Dominique; Bélisle, Annie Claude; Bergeron, Yves; Boucher, Jonathan; Boucher, Yan; Danneyrolles, Victor; Erni, Sandy; Gachon, Philippe; Girardin, Martin P.; Grant, Eliane; Grondin, Pierre; et al. (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2024)
The 2023 wildfire season in Québec set records due to extreme warm and dry conditions, burning 4.5 million hectares and indicating persistent and escalating impacts associated with climate change. This study reviews the unusual weather conditions that led to the fires, discussing their extensive impacts on the forest sector, fire management, boreal caribou habitats, and particularly the profound effects on First Nation communities. The wildfires led to significant declines in forest productivity and timber supply, overwhelming fire management resources, and necessitating widespread evacuations. First Nation territories were dramatically altered, facing severe air quality issues and disruptions. While caribou impacts were modest across the province, the broader ecological, economical, and social repercussions were considerable. To mitigate future extreme wildfire seasons, the study suggests changes in forest management practices to increase forest resilience and resistance, adapting industrial structures to changes in wood type harvested, and enhancing fire suppression and risk management strategies. It calls for a comprehensive, unified approach to risk management that incorporates the lessons learned from the 2023 fire season and accounts for ongoing climate change. The studyunderscores the urgent need for detailed planning and proactive measures to reduce the growing risks and impacts of wildfires in a changing climate.
Keywords: Gachon_Philippe; Guillemette_Francois

How Can Municipalities in British Columbia and Quebec Contribute to Flood Risk Reduction? - Deschamps, Bernard; Bourdeau-Brien, Michael; Boudreault, Mathieu (Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance, 2023)
Flood-related losses are on the rise in Canada and private insurance remains costly or unavailable in high-risk areas. Despite the introduction of overland flood insurance in 2015, following the federal government’s invitation to the insurance industry to participate in flood risk-sharing, federal and provincial disaster financial assistance programs still cover a large portion of these costs. As the risks increase, governments are questioning the sustainability of using taxpayers’ money to finance such losses, leaving municipalities with significant residual risk. The growing number of people and assets occupying flood-prone areas, including public infrastructure, has contributed to the sharp increase in flood damage costs. Based on a literature review and discussions with experts, this paper describes the municipal role in flood-risk management, and shows how provincial and federal financial assistance to municipalities for flood damage in British Columbia and Québec may be counterproductive in fostering flood-risk management at the municipal level. We conclude that municipalities can play a more proactive role in incorporating risk reduction as the key objective of disaster financial assistance and propose three specific policy instruments to help reduce the growing number of people living in flood zones: flood mapping, land-use planning, and the relocation of high-risk properties.
Keywords: Bourdeau-Brien_Michael; Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2023

Natural disasters and risk aversion - Bourdeau-Brien, Michael; Kryzanowski, Lawrence (Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020)
Keywords: Bourdeau-Brien_Michael; Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Comparison of three flood-related relocation programs with probabilistic cost-benefit analyses - Boudreault, Mathieu; Bourdeau-Brien, Michael; Milot, Nicolas (International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023)
Many regions are becoming subject to successive flooding and with climate change taking its toll, it is no surprise that we observe a growing interest for risk avoidance strategies such as relocation. Cost-benefit analysis is the dominant tool used by decision-makers to assess flood risk avoidance projects. Yet, few guidelines are available about how to implement such analysis. This paper advocates for a probabilistic cost-benefit analysis and details a step-by-step procedure via a real-world example. The results show that relocation can be a cost-effective strategy for many high-risk properties and neighborhoods. The level of indemnities and the inclusion of intangible losses are two key drivers of profitability. The paper also analyzes three distinct designs of relocation programs. The results reveal that proactive and innovative schemes, such as managed retreat and usufruct arrangements, constitute worthwhile alternatives to a more conventional post-flood response design.
Keywords: Bourdeau-Brien_Michael; Infolettre; Infolettre_Novembre_2023

The impact of flood risk on the price of residential properties: the case of England - Bélanger, Philippe; Bourdeau-Brien, Michael (Housing Studies, 2018)
Keywords: Bourdeau-Brien_Michael; Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Soil and water bioengineering in cold rivers: A biogeomorphological perspective - Prugne, Matthieu; Corenblit, Dov; Boivin, Maxime; Evette, André; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas (Ecological Engineering, 2024)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Dynamiques hydrogéomorphologiques historiques et actuelles d'une rivière perturbée par les activités de la drave et analyse des impacts d'un démantèlement de barrage - Bouchard, Marianne; Boivin, Maxime (Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes, 2023)
Résumé Au Québec, la dynamique fluviale de la rivière des Escoumins a été perturbée par l'industrie forestière pendant plus d'un siècle. Un barrage a notamment été construit près de l'embouchure en 1846, puis démantelé en 2013. Ces perturbations ont entraîné des répercussions importantes sur l'équilibre du cours d'eau et sur l'habitat du saumon atlantique. Cette étude propose donc de caractériser la dynamique fluviale de la rivière des Escoumins et d'analyser les impacts du démantèlement du barrage dans une perspective de restauration des processus hydrogéomorphologiques et d'amélioration de l'habitat du saumon atlantique. Les résultats suggèrent que la trajectoire de la rivière a évolué différemment en fonction du style fluvial et de la composition granulométrique de chacun de ses segments homogènes. Toutefois, ce sont les activités de la drave et le démantèlement du barrage qui semblent avoir été les facteurs de contrôle les plus importants sur l'évolution de la trajectoire du cours d'eau. Le démantèlement a notamment permis la restauration de processus hydrogéomorphologiques et la libre circulation des salmonidés. Une meilleure procédure entourant le démantèlement des barrages et leur suivi devrait donc être mise en place au Canada afin de favoriser cette pratique . , Abstract In Quebec, the fluvial dynamics of the Escoumins River have been disturbed by the forestry industry for over a century. Most specifically, a dam was built near the mouth of the river in 1846 and dismantled in 2013. These disturbances had significant repercussions on the equilibrium of the river and Atlantic salmon habitat. This study therefore proposes to characterize the fluvial dynamics of the Escoumins River and to analyze the impacts of the dam dismantling from the perspective of restoring hydrogeomorphological processes and improving Atlantic salmon habitat. The results suggest that the trajectory of the river evolved differently depending on the fluvial style and the grain size composition of each of its homogeneous segments. However, log drive activities in river and dam removal appear to have been the most important controlling factors on the evolution of the stream trajectory. The dismantling notably allowed the restoration of hydrogeomorphological processes and the free movement of salmonids. A better procedure for dam removal and monitoring should be put in place in Canada to encourage this practice . , Messages clés Les activités de la drave et le démantèlement du barrage ont fortement affecté la trajectoire hydrogéomorphologique de la rivière des Escoumins, au Québec. Un démantèlement de barrage permet une restauration globale de l'écosystème fluvial et de ses processus hydrogéomorphologiques en plus d'améliorer les habitats disponibles pour les espèces aquatiques. Le démantèlement des barrages désuets ou désaffectés doit être considéré pour la restauration des écosystèmes fluviaux et une meilleure procédure entourant cette pratique doit être mise en place au Canada.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Detection of Management Practices and Cropping Phases in Wild Lowbush Blueberry Fields Using Multispectral UAV Data - Marty, Charles; Khare, Siddhartha; Rossi, Sergio; Lafond, Jean; Boivin, Maxime; Paré, Maxime C. (Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2022)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Japanese knotweed increases soil erosion on riverbanks - Matte, Rébecca; Boivin, Maxime; Lavoie, Claude (River Research and Applications, 2022)
Abstract For years, Japanese knotweed ( Reynoutria japonica ) has been suspected of accelerating riverbank erosion, despite a lack of convincing evidence. The stems of this invasive plant die back following the first autumn frosts, leaving the soil unprotected during winter and spring floods. In Québec (Canada), riverbank erosion may also be accentuated by ice during mechanical ice breakups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of knotweed on riverbank erosion along a river invaded by the species, within a context of floods with ice. The elevation along 120 cross‐sectional riverbank profiles, occupied or not by knotweed, was measured before and after the spring flood of 2019. On average, riverbanks occupied by knotweed had nearly 3 cm more soil erosion than riverbanks without knotweed, a statistically significant difference. Stem density also influenced erosion: the higher the density, the greater the soil loss. Certain riverside conditions, such as the slope of the riverbank or being located on an islet, interacted with knotweed, further accentuating erosion. Soil losses measured between November 2018 and May–June 2019 were particularly pronounced, but the spring flood was also exceptional, with a recurrence interval close to 50 years. On the other hand, soil loss from rivers invaded by knotweed can be expected to increase over time, as this invasive species spreads rapidly in riparian habitats.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime; Infolettre; Infolettre_Janvier_2022; Site_internet_RIISQ

Can the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) be used to determine the ecological status of lowland rivers? - Lemay, Johnathan; Biron, Pascale M.; Boivin, Maxime; Stämpfli, Nicolas; Foote, Kyleisha (Geomorphology, 2021)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Overview of Retrogressive Landslide Risk Analysis in Sensitive Clay Slope - Richer, Blanche; Saeidi, Ali; Boivin, Maxime; Rouleau, Alain (Geosciences, 2020)
Sensitive clays are known for producing retrogressive landslides, also called spread or flowslides. The key characteristics associated with the occurrence of these landslides on a sensitive clay slope must be assessed, and the potential retrogressive distance must be evaluated. Common risk analysis methods include empirical methods for estimating the distance of potential retrogression, analytical limit equilibrium methods, numerical modelling methods using the strength reduction technique, and the integration of a progressive failure mechanism into numerical methods. Methods developed for zoning purposes in Norway and Quebec provide conservative results in most cases, even if they don’t cover the worst cases scenario. A flowslide can be partially analysed using analytical limit equilibrium methods and numerical methods having strength reduction factor tools. Numerical modelling of progressive failure mechanisms using numerical methods can define the critical parameters of spread-type landslides, such as critical unloading and the retrogression distance of the failure. Continuous improvements to the large-deformation numerical modeling approach allow its application to all types of sensitive clay landslides.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Using tree-rings to determine large wood residence time and transport pulses in a gravel-bed river - Boivin, Maxime; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas; Arseneault, Dominique (E3S Web of Conferences, 2018)
The Saint-Jean River (SRJ) in Eastern Canada is prone to the formation of very large rafts of wood. Managers of the SJR suspected these jams to influence salmon migration and carried out a dismantling operation to remove large wood accumulated in a 1.2 km long wood raft. This operation became a great opportunity to address key issues relating to large wood dynamics in a fluvial system: residence time and flood contribution to wood recruitment and transport. During the dismantling, we systematically sampled 319 trees from which year of death could be estimated from dendrochronology and year of accumulation in the raft could be obtained from satellite and aerial photos. These two dates allowed us to quantify the residence time for 262 datable large wood (LW) within the fluvial system, to examine the peak years of LW recruitment and to correlate the raft growth rate with hydrometeorological conditions since 1993. The results also emphasized four types of LW flood related to wood dynamics: 1) an erosive flood that produces a large amount of wood in river, 2) a mobilizing flood that carries large quantities of wood, 3) a flood mix that both recruits and transports large quantities of wood, and 4) an ice-breakup flood.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Caractérisation de la qualité morphologique et étude de la dynamique hydrosédimentaire du secteur estuarien de la rivière Saint-Anne, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade (Québec) - Berube, Johan; Boivin, Maxime (2021)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Étude de la dynamique du bois mort en rivière et de son impact sur la migration anadrome du Saumon de l'Atlantique dans la rivière Port-Daniel - Bérubé, Johan; Boivin, Maxime (2020)
La notoriété des rivières gaspésiennes est fondée, d’une part, sur la couleur émeraude de l’eau, de leurs eaux poissonneuses, mais également sur leurs bassins versants réactifs et toutes les conséquences que cela peut engendrer (p.ex. crues exceptionnelles, érosion, inondation, avulsion, production de bois en rivière, etc.). Suite aux crues majeures et consécutives de 2010 et 2011, les gestionnaires de la réserve faunique de Port-Daniel ont observé la présence d’un embâcle de bois majeur obstruant le chenal dans la portion aval de la rivière Port-Daniel. Cette obstruction a apporté son lot d’inquiétudes et de soucis par rapport au comportement migratoire ainsi qu’à l’abondance du Saumon de l’Atlantique (Salmo salar). C’est dans cette optique qu’une étude hydrogéomorphologique dans la rivière Port-Daniel a été commandée afin d’évaluer l’impact des embâcles de bois sur la montaison du saumon. L’objectif général a été d’analyser la dynamique du bois en rivière afin d’en évaluer son impact sur la trajectoire géomorphologique du cours d’eau et sur la migration anadrome du saumon. Le suivi historique du lit mineur a été réalisé à partir de séquences temporelles de photographies aériennes (1964, 1975, 1986 et 2001), d’orthophotographies (2004 et 2016), d’imagerie satellitaire (2010, 2013, 2018) et de drone (2019). Les modifications observées dans la géométrie planimétrique du lit mineur a permis de caractériser les processus et les ajustements morphologiques (migration latérale, avulsion, recoupement de méandre) et de quantifier l’érosion (calcul de taux de recule, surface érodée) pour chacune des époques. L’évaluation du bilan ligneux a été effectuée sur environ 15 km du corridor fluvial de la rivière Port-Daniel. Le bilan a été dressé à partir des apports (estimé à partir des surfaces érodées dans le temps et de la densité volumétrique), du bois en transition (mesuré dans le corridor fluvial à l’été 2019) ainsi qu’en accumulation (mesuré dans la zone deltaïque). L’analyse des résultats a ensuite permis de dresser un diagnostic à partir des caractéristiques hydrogéomorphologiques pour ainsi évaluer la trajectoire géomorphologique de la rivière Port-Daniel. Le bilan ligneux de la rivière Port-Daniel n’indique en aucun cas que le bois présent dans le corridor fluvial, incluant l’embâcle majeur observé à la suite des crues de 2010 et 2011, constitue une restriction à la montaison et la dévalaison du saumon. En effet, le chenal principal, autrefois obstrué par un embâcle massif, a emprunté un tracé différent possédant des caractéristiques hydrogéomorphologiques favorables à la migration anadrome de salmonidés. De plus, les analyses et les observations terrain ont démontré que la formation de ces embâcles massifs a contribué à la reconstruction de la plaine alluviale et que plusieurs des embâcles présents ont permis au chenal de se stabiliser. La présence et l’activité du Castor du Canada (Castor canadensis) ont été également observées. Toutefois, la dimension, les caractéristiques et la localisation des barrages présents dans le chenal migratoire ainsi que la littérature ne montrent pas ces structures comme des nuisances aux mouvements des salmonidés.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime; Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Estimation of large wood budgets in a watershed and river corridor at interdecadal to interannual scales in a cold‐temperate fluvial system - Boivin, Maxime; Buffin‐Bélanger, Thomas; Piégay, Hervé (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2017)
Abstract Large wood (LW) is a ubiquitous feature in rivers of forested watersheds worldwide, and its importance for river diversity has been recognized for several decades. Although the role of LW in fluvial dynamics has been extensively documented, there is a need to better quantify the most significant components of LW budgets at the river scale. The purpose of our study was to quantify each component (input, accumulation, and output) of a LW budget at the reach and watershed scales for different time periods (i.e. a 50‐year period, decadal cycle, and interannual cycle). The LW budget was quantified by measuring the volumes of LW inputs, accumulations, and outputs within river sections that were finally evacuated from the watershed. The study site included three unusually large but natural wood rafts in the delta of the Saint‐Jean River (SJR; Québec, Canada) that have accumulated all LW exported from the watershed for the last 50 years. We observed an increase in fluvial dynamics since 2004, which led to larger LW recruitment and a greater LW volume trapped in the river corridor, suggesting that the system is not in equilibrium in terms of the wood budget but is rather recovering from previous human pressures as well as adjusting to hydroclimatic changes. The results reveal the large variability in the LW budget dynamics during the 50‐year period and allow us to examine the eco‐hydromorphological trajectory that highlights key variables (discharge, erosion rates, bar surface area, sinuosity, wood mobility, and wood retention). Knowledge on the dynamics of these variables improves our understanding of the historical and future trajectories of LW dynamics and fluvial dynamics in gravel‐bed rivers. Extreme events (flood and ice‐melt) significantly contribute to LW dynamics in the SJR river system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Interannual kinetics (2010–2013) of large wood in a river corridor exposed to a 50-year flood event and fluvial ice dynamics - Boivin, Maxime; Buffin-Bélanger, Thomas; Piégay, Hervé (Geomorphology, 2017)
Keywords: Boivin_Maxime

Finding the Voice of the River: Beyond Restoration and ManagementFinding the Voice of the River: Beyond Restoration and ManagementGary J.Brierley. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Pivot, 2020. xviii and 179 pp., references, index. $59.99 hardcover (ISBN 978-3-030-27067-4), $44.99 electronic (ISBN 978-3-030-27068-1).: Gary J. Brierley. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Pivot, 2020. xviii and 179 pp., references, index. $59.99 hardcover (ISBN 978-3-030-27067-4), $44.99 electronic (ISBN 978-3-030-27068-1). - Tooth, Stephen (The AAG Review of Books, 2023)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Switzerland’s transition from flood defence to flood-adapted land use–A policy coordination perspective - Löschner, Lukas; Nordbeck, Ralf (Land Use Policy, 2020)

Large Scale Flood Risk Mapping in Data Scarce Environments: An Application for Romania - Albano, Raffaele; Samela, Caterina; Crăciun, Iulia; Manfreda, Salvatore; Adamowski, Jan; Sole, Aurelia; Sivertun, Åke; Ozunu, Alexandru (Water, 2020)
Large-scale flood risk assessment is essential in supporting national and global policies, emergency operations and land-use management. The present study proposes a cost-efficient method for the large-scale mapping of direct economic flood damage in data-scarce environments. The proposed framework consists of three main stages: (i) deriving a water depth map through a geomorphic method based on a supervised linear binary classification; (ii) generating an exposure land-use map developed from multi-spectral Landsat 8 satellite images using a machine-learning classification algorithm; and (iii) performing a flood damage assessment using a GIS tool, based on the vulnerability (depth–damage) curves method. The proposed integrated method was applied over the entire country of Romania (including minor order basins) for a 100-year return time at 30-m resolution. The results showed how the description of flood risk may especially benefit from the ability of the proposed cost-efficient model to carry out large-scale analyses in data-scarce environments. This approach may help in performing and updating risk assessments and management, taking into account the temporal and spatial changes in hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.

“Sickenin’ in the rain” – increased risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections after urban pluvial flooding in a population-based cross-sectional study in the Netherlands - Mulder, Annemieke Christine; Pijnacker, Roan; De Man, Heleen; Van De Kassteele, Jan; Van Pelt, Wilfrid; Mughini-Gras, Lapo; Franz, Eelco (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2019)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Room for Rivers: Risk Reduction by Enhancing the Flood Conveyance Capacity of The Netherlands’ Large Rivers - Klijn, Frans; Asselman, Nathalie; Wagenaar, Dennis (Geosciences, 2018)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

A participatory system dynamics modeling approach to facilitate collaborative flood risk management: A case study in the Bradano River (Italy) - Perrone, Antonio; Inam, Azhar; Albano, Raffaele; Adamowski, Jan; Sole, Aurelia (Journal of Hydrology, 2020)

Use of digital elevation models for flood susceptibility assessment via a hydrogeomorphic approach: A case study of the Basento River in Italy - Albano, Raffaele; Adamowski, Jan (Natural Hazards, 2025)
Abstract Floods are the most common and threatening natural risk for many countries in the world. Flood risk mapping is therefore of great importance for managing socio-economic and environmental impacts. Several researchers have proposed low-complexity and cost-effective flood mapping solutions that are useful for data scarce environments or at large-scale. Among these approaches, a line of recent research focuses on hydrogeomorphic methods that, due to digital elevation models (DEMs), exploit the causality between past flood events and the hydraulic geometry of floodplains. This study aims to compare the use of freely-available DEMs to support an advanced hydrogeomorphic method, Geomorphic Flood Index (GFI), to map flood-prone areas of the Basento River basin (Italy). The five selected DEMs are obtained from different sources, are characterized by different resolutions, spatial coverage, acquisition process, processing and validation, etc., and include: (i) HydroSHEDS v.1.1 (resolution 3 arc-seconds), hydrologically conditioned, derived primarily from STRM (NASA) and characterized by global coverage; (ii) ASTER GDEM v.3 with a res. of around 30 m (source: METI and NASA) and global coverage; (iii) EU-DEM v. 1.1 (res. 1 arc-second), Pan-European and combining SRTM and ASTER GDEM, customized to obtain a consistency with the EU-Hydro and screened to remove artefacts (source: Copernicus Land Monitoring Service); (iv) TinItaly DEM v. 1.1, (res. 10 m-cell size grid) and produced and distributed by INGV with coverage of the entire Italian territory; (v) Laser Scanner DEM with high resolution (5 m cell size grid) produced on the basis of Ground e Model Keypoint and available as part of the RSDI geoportal of the Basilicata Region with coverage at the regional administrative level. The effects of DEMs on the performance of the GFI calibration on the main reach of the Basento River, and its validation on one of its mountain tributaries (Gallitello Creek), were evaluated with widely accepted statistical metrics, i.e., the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC), Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity. Results confirmed the merits of the GFI in flood mapping using simple watershed characteristics and showed high Accuracy (AUC reached a value over 0.9 in all simulations) and low dependency on changes in the adopted DEMs and standard flood maps (1D and 2D hydraulic models or three return periods). The EU-DEM was identified as the most suitable data source for supporting GFI mapping with an AUC > 0.97 in the calibration phase for the main river reach. This may be due in part to its appropriate resolution for hydrological application but was also due to its customized pre-processing that supported an optimal description of the river network morphology. Indeed, EU-DEM obtained the highest performances (e.g., Accuracy around 98%) even in the validation phase where better results were expected from the high-resolution DEM (due to the very small size of Gallitello Creek cross-sections). For other DEMs, GFI generally showed an increase in metrics performance when, in the calibration phase, it neglected the floodplains of the river delta, where the standard flood map is produced using a 2D hydraulic model. However, if the DEMs were hydrologically conditioned with a relatively simple algorithm that forced the stream flow in the main river network, the GFI could be applied to the whole Basento watershed, including the delta, with a similar performance.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Fevrier_2025

Flood scenario spatio-temporal mapping via hydrological and hydrodynamic modelling and a remote sensing dataset: A case study of the Basento river (Southern Italy) - Albano, Raffaele; Limongi, Carmine; Dal Sasso, Silvano Fortunato; Mancusi, Leonardo; Adamowski, Jan (International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2024)
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Septembre_2024

Bar pattern and sediment sorting in a channel contraction/expansion area: Application to the Loire River at Bréhémont (France) - Cordier, Florian; Tassi, Pablo; Claude, Nicolas; Crosato, Alessandra; Rodrigues, Stéphane; Pham Van Bang, Damien (Advances in Water Resources, 2020)
Keywords: PhamVanBang_Damien

Influence of hydrology, sediment supply and sediment gradation on river bar morphodynamics: application to the Loire River at Bréhémont (France) - Cordier, Florian; Tassi, Pablo; Claude, Nicolas; Crosato, Alessandra; Rodrigues, Stephane; Van Bang, Damien Pham (E3S Web of Conferences, 2018)
Rivers inherently show heterogeneous sediment sizes and can also show a strong sediment supply variability in time because of natural episodic events or as a consequence of human activities, which alter the characteristics and dynamics of alluvial bars at the macro-scale. The impact of the combination between sediment size heterogeneity and sediment supply variation, or even with other forcings (i.e. hydrology, channel geometry) remains poorly documented. In this work, a physics-based numerical model is applied on a trained reach of a sandy-gravel bed river to investigate the combination of these parameters on bar morphodynamics. The morphodynamic computations are performed with a two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic solver, internally coupled to a sediment transport and bed evolution module, which estimate the transport of graded sediment and model bed stratigraphy, respectively. A 1 km long reach of the Loire River at Bréhémont (France) is selected to conduct the numerical investigations. The interaction between several forcing mechanisms induces highly complex bar morphodynamic processes in this area.A comprehensive set of high-definition data is available, which allows to study the river morphodynamics for a succession of three flooding events and a period of low flows. Based on this model, a variety of scenarios is presented with the aim of exploring the implications of sediment gradation, geometrical and boundary forcing effects on in situ bars morphodynamics.
Keywords: PhamVanBang_Damien

Two-dimensional modeling of fine sediment transport with mixed sediment and consolidation: Application to the Gironde Estuary, France - Orseau, Sylvain; Huybrechts, Nicolas; Tassi, Pablo; Pham Van Bang, Damien; Klein, Fabrice (International Journal of Sediment Research, 2021)
Keywords: PhamVanBang_Damien

A 3D Numerical Study on the Tidal Asymmetry, Residual Circulation and Saline Intrusion in the Gironde Estuary (France) - Pham Van Bang, Damien; Phan, Ngoc Vinh; Guillou, Sylvain; Nguyen, Kim Dan (Water, 2023)
A full 3D numerical model is used for studying tidal asymmetry, estuarine circulation, and saline intrusion in the Gironde estuary. The model is calibrated and verified using the data measured during two field surveys in the Gironde estuary. Harmonic analysis of numerical results is proposed to understand how the superposition of M2, M4 and M6 components generate a complex estuarine circulation and salinity intrusion in the Gironde estuary. The numerical results show that the M6 component plays a significant role as important as the M4 one in modifying the nature of tidal asymmetry, especially in the Gironde upper estuary. In this case, the use of the phase lag between M2 and M4, neglecting M6, to predict the tidal asymmetry nature could produce errors. The effect of asymmetrical tides on saline intrusion and residual circulation is specifically discussed here.
Keywords: PhamVanBang_Damien

Impacts of disaster exposure on climate adaptation injustice across U.S. cities - Liu, Tong; Fan, Chao (2023)

Urban flood risk and green infrastructure: Who is exposed to risk and who benefits from investment? A case study of three U.S. Cities - Pallathadka, Arun; Sauer, Jason; Chang, Heejun; Grimm, Nancy B. (Landscape and Urban Planning, 2022)

County-scale flood risk assessment of properties and associated population in the United States - Srivastava, Shivendra; Gerdes, Tyler; Roy, Tirthankar (Natural Hazards, 2024)

Soil Erosion in the United States. Present and Future (2020-2050) - Shojaeezadeh, Shahab Aldin; Al-Wardy, Malik; Nikoo, Mohammad Reza; Mooselu, Mehrdad Ghorbani; Alizadeh, Mohammad Reza; Adamowski, Jan Franklin; Moradkhani, Hamid; Alamdari, Nasrin; Gandomi, Amir H. (2022)
Soil erosion is a significant threat to the environment and long-term land management around the world. Accelerated soil erosion by human activities inflicts extreme changes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which is not fully surveyed/predicted for the present and probable future at field-scales (30-m). Here, we estimate/predict soil erosion rates by water erosion, (sheet and rill erosion), using three alternative (2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) Shared Socioeconomic Pathway and Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios across the contiguous United States. Field Scale Soil Erosion Model (FSSLM) estimations rely on a high resolution (30-m) G2 erosion model integrated by satellite- and imagery-based estimations of land use and land cover (LULC), gauge observations of long-term precipitation, and scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The baseline model (2020) estimates soil erosion rates of 2.32 Mg ha 1 yr 1 with current agricultural conservation practices (CPs). Future scenarios with current CPs indicate an increase between 8% to 21% under different combinations of SSP-RCP scenarios of climate and LULC changes. The soil erosion forecast for 2050 suggests that all the climate and LULC scenarios indicate either an increase in extreme events or a change in the spatial location of extremes largely from the southern to the eastern and northeastern regions of the United States.
Keywords: Infolettre; Infolettre_Ete_2024

A rasterized building footprint dataset for the United States - Heris, Mehdi P.; Foks, Nathan Leon; Bagstad, Kenneth J.; Troy, Austin; Ancona, Zachary H. (Scientific Data, 2020)
Abstract Microsoft released a U.S.-wide vector building dataset in 2018. Although the vector building layers provide relatively accurate geometries, their use in large-extent geospatial analysis comes at a high computational cost. We used High-Performance Computing (HPC) to develop an algorithm that calculates six summary values for each cell in a raster representation of each U.S. state, excluding Alaska and Hawaii: (1) total footprint coverage, (2) number of unique buildings intersecting each cell, (3) number of building centroids falling inside each cell, and area of the (4) average, (5) smallest, and (6) largest area of buildings that intersect each cell. These values are represented as raster layers with 30 m cell size covering the 48 conterminous states. We also identify errors in the original building dataset. We evaluate precision and recall in the data for three large U.S. urban areas. Precision is high and comparable to results reported by Microsoft while recall is high for buildings with footprints larger than 200 m2 but lower for progressively smaller buildings.
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2019 - United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 2019)
The 2019 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is informed by the latest data – including Sendai Framework target reporting by countries using the Sendai Framework Monitor
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Trends in floods and low flows in the United States: impact of spatial correlation - Douglas, E.M.; Vogel, R.M.; Kroll, C.N. (Journal of Hydrology, 2000)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Les changements de température et de précipitations au Canada - Zhang, X.; Flato, G.; Kirchmeler, M.; Vincent, L.; Wan, H; Wang, X.; Rong, R.; Fyfe, J.; Li, G.; Kharin, V. V. (2019)
Keywords: Ouvrage_Collectif_Numéro1

Local-Level Flood Hazard Management in Canada: An Assessment of Institutional Structure and Community Engagement in the Red River Valley of Manitoba - Zaman, Jobaed Ragib; Haque, C. Emdad; Walker, David J. (2022)
While there is a large body of literature focusing on global-level flood hazard management, including preparedness, response, and recovery, there is a lack of research examining the patterns and dynamics of community-level flood management with a focus on local engagement and institutional mechanism. The present research explores how local communities mobilize themselves, both individually and institutionally, to respond to emerging flood-related situations and recover from their impacts. A case study approach was applied to investigate two towns in the Red River Valley of Manitoba, Canada: St. Adolphe and Ste. Agathe. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and oral histories provided by local residents, in addition to analysis of secondary official records and documents. The findings revealed that local community-level flood preparedness, response, and recovery in the Province of Manitoba are primarily designed, governed, managed, and evaluated by the provincial government authorities using a top-down approach. The non-participatory nature of this approach makes community members reluctant to engage with precautionary and response measures, which in turn results in undesired losses and damages. It is recommended that the Government of Manitoba develop and implement a collaborative and participatory community-level flood management approach that draws upon the accumulated experiential knowledge of local stakeholders and institutions.

Identification of a preferred statistical distribution for at-site flood frequency analysis in Canada - Zhang, Ziyang; Stadnyk, Tricia A.; Burn, Donald H. (2020)
AbstractFloods are the most frequent natural disaster in Canada, putting Canadian lives and property at risk. Projected variations in precipitation and temperature are expected to further intensify...

Changes to flood peaks of a mountain river: implications for analysis of the 2013 flood in the Upper Bow River, Canada - Whitfield, Paul H.; Pomeroy, John W. (Hydrological Processes, 2016)
The mountain headwater Bow River at Banff, Alberta, Canada was subject to a large flood in June 2013, over which considerable debate has ensued regarding its probability of occurrence. It is therefore instructive to consider what information long term streamflow discharge records provide about environmental change in the Upper Bow River basin above Banff. Though protected as part of Banff National Park, since 1885, the basin has experienced considerable climate and land cover changes, each of which has the potential to impact observations, and hence the interpretations of flood probability. The Bow River at Banff hydrometric station is one of Canada's longest operating reference hydrological basin network stations and so has great value for assessing changes in flow regime over time. Furthermore, the station measures a river that provides an extremely important water supply for Calgary and irrigation district downstream and so is of great interest for assessing regional water security. These records were examined for changes in several flood attributes and to determine whether flow changes may have been related to landscape change within the basin as caused by forest fires, conversion from grasslands to forest with fire suppression, and regional climate variations and/or trends. Floods in the Upper Bow River are generated by both snowmelt and rain-on-snow (ROS) events, the latter type which include floods events generated by spatially and temporally large storms such as occurred in 2013. The two types of floods also have different frequency characteristics. Snowmelt and ROS flood attributes were not correlated significantly with any climate index or with burned area except that snowmelt event duration correlated negatively to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. While there is a significant negative trend in all floods over the past 100years, when separated based on generating process, neither snowmelt floods nor large ROS floods associated with mesoscale storms show any trends over time. Despite extensive changes to the landscape of the basin and in within the climate system, the flood regime remains unchanged, something identified at smaller scales in the region but never at larger scales.